Explaining China's Intervention in the Korean War in 1950. Save Citation »  (Works with EndNote, ProCite, & Reference Manager), Zhou, B. … Suddenly the only sound coming from Lee was a gurgle. On the same day, President Truman announced air and naval support for South Korea. Before examining the security concern created by the United States to China, it is necessary to look at the role the Soviet Union played in Chinese strategic considerations. After General MacArthur continued to move into North Korea, Communist China attacked the United Nations troops. China aided Communist North Korea while the United States provided support for South Korea, in a conflict known as the Korean War. The conflict lasted two and half more years. On Nov. 25-26, 1950, the Chinese Army entered the Korean War in earnest with a violent attack against the American and United Nations forces in North Korea. Is a cease-fire a cease-fire if the fighting never really ends? Mao, however, remained in power until his death in 1976. Four days later, on Oct. 12, a contrary CIA assessment argued that 'barring a Soviet decision for global war,' Chinese involvement 'will probably be confined to continued covert assistance.’ ”. The first part of this paper will briefly provide a historical background of the Chinese intervention in the Korean War. However, there are still questions to be answered. By October 9, 1950, China had already massed four armies and three artillery divisions on the Yalu River – the force's commander, Peng Dehuai, complaining that he could use 700 more trucks and 600 more drivers. The British media proclaimed the passing away of ‘the last red titan’ and it certainly seemed the end of an era for a country that... China and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that leads it has historically limited itself in regards to projecting power and inserting itself into international disputes and affairs. When North Korea invaded South, the US got involved in the war so as to keep South Korea from falling to communism.Also, at that time, there were two part of Korean governments grown in China… As a result, staying out of the war seemed to be a cheap and secure alternative for Beijing besides sending its troops to assist Kim, especially given the fact that Beijing had great faith and confidence of the reliability of such strategic alliance and the treaty.12 The fact that Beijing did not choose this alternative suggests that there must be other considerations besides the security of Chinese sovereignty. China’s decision to enter the Korean War played a decisive role in convincing Stalin that Mao and his comrades were “genuine internationalist Communists.” Shortly after Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River, Stalin ordered the Soviet air force to help defend the Chinese supply lines. While the alliance treaty could guarantee full Soviet support to protect China’s security when its territory was invaded, it could not lift the constrains on economic reconstruction and troop deployments for ‘liberating’ Taiwan and combating internal opposition forces posed by the U.S. presence near the border. For Lindsey Stirling, it’s not just the notes that have highs and lows. What Were Mao's Motivations for Intervention in the Korean War? The following three parts will identify and analyse those reasons from three perspectives. He had been hit in the throat and was drowning in his own blood. Neutrality is mere camouflage; a third road does not exist. Interstate - Journal of International Affairs 2014/2015 (1), http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1069, ZHOU, B. Lindsey Stirling is the world’s most prominent violinist. He did not want China to get involved in the global Cold War but rather the issues closer at hand i.e. Additionally, he perhaps also believed, as the CIA did, that communist China was dancing to the tune that Joseph Stalin was calling from Moscow. The 300,000-man Chinese offensive caught the U.N. forces off guard, largely because of U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur's belief that China would not openly enter the war, and vastly expanded the conflict. China's decision to intervene in the Korean War on behalf of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) had its historical roots. Nobody knew for sure what position China would take if the entirety of North Korea, which shared a nearly 900-mile-long border with China, fell to the U.N. forces. It had an indelible impact on the Cold War that followed immediately after. On Oct. 19, 1950, The United Nations forces captured the North Korean capital of Pyongyang and South Korean forces reached the Chinese border. SURVEY . As the tension in the Korean peninsula escalated, Stalin became more cautious in avoiding direct confrontation with the United States and refused to send troops to Korea. Moving too slowly, MacArthur was unable to trap the North Koreans, but the Inchon landings did force the North Koreans out of the south in a panicked rout. Therefore, the following sections will analyse Beijing’s policy considerations from three perspectives: security consideration, China’s domestic situation, and ideologies shared by influential individual leaders in the CCP Politburo. … and/or the individual authors according to agreements set forth by and between the publishing journal and the author. Japan and China fought over Korea's position in 1894-95. These movements lead the Chinese leaders to reassess American intentions towards China and redeploy some of its troops to the Northern border. The north had the support of communist allies including the Soviet Union and China, while the south had the support of the west with the United States. An avid player of board games, he blogs at thediscriminatinggamer.com. It was asked to by the Soviet Union. "Explaining China's Intervention in the Korean War in 1950." He was certainly ready to make use of heightened tension as an excuse for cracking down on even potential opposition. The unexpected surprise attack pushed the South Korean (Republic of Korea or ROK) forces and the small number of American troops in the country to the southeastern corner of the peninsula, holding a line around the city of Pusan. Matt Siegel was told to tone down his commentary on singer Demi Lovato and didn’t take it well. Access to Education for Girls in the Rural Regions of Afghanistan Following the Fall of the Taliban, The Concept of Property and Ownership in the Antebellum American South: Slaves, Slaveholders, Theft, Conflict and the Law, An Axe to Grind: An Overview of Hungary's 'Axe Murder Case' and its Effects on the International Community. China Enters War On Oct. 19, 1950, The United Nations forces captured the North Korean capital of Pyongyang and South Korean forces reached the Chinese border. On the one hand, the Northeast region contains the main economic resources including steel, coal and hydropower to support the economic reconstruction and recovery for most of China. External threat could help consolidate domestic control, and by taking the fight to the Americans, Mao would strengthen his prestige among Communists internally. For Mao, however, the conflict reflected not only a foreign policy within the context of the Cold War, with whatever potential advantages and risks came with it, but participation in the war had an important domestic angle as well. The former event, according to the explanations found in much of the literature, endangered China’s security interests and threatened the security of the Chinese mainland directly.9 China quickly mobilised troops and resources in preparation for possible escalation, and issued its warning through Indian ambassador Kavalam Madhava Panikkar that China would intervene in the war if the American troops entered North Korea.10 After the U.S. troops crossed the 38th parallel on September 25, China made the decision to intervene and the first Chinese troops entered North Korea on October 14. Agricultural production fell by 40 per cent compared to the pre-civil war years, while major industrial outputs fell by more than 50 per cent.6 Moreover, the military expenditure was cut, together with the large campaign of demobilisation mentioned above. The war had a great influence on China's progress and is of immense historical significance. Goncharov, S. N. Lewis, J. W. Xue, L. Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1993). The advance proved successful, as the U.N. troops moved steadily, defeating North Korean units in a series of engagements along the way. The third part analyses Chinese domestic politics and argues that the second driving force for intervening the Korean War was the need to strengthen the CCP’s regime, boost domestic morale, and reduce the remaining KMT sabotage activities. The copyright to this article and other articles from JournalQuest are maintained by the publishing journal This paper examines the peasantry's response to modernization measures taken by Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The number of executions of their own citizens by the Chinese Communists increased sharply after the Korean War began.”. The Reconstruction... Genocide Memorialization focuses on the community after a genocide in what they choose to remember and how they achieve that goal of memorialization. MacArthur agreed with the CIA and refused to believe that Mao would be so reckless as to take on the might of the world's greatest superpower, armed as it was with nuclear weapons. Why Did the U.S. Get Involved in the Korean War? The Civil War was a seminal moment in the historical development in the United States. The Marines were besieged when the Chinese entered the Korean War November 27, 1950, by sending 200,000 shock troops against Allied forces. A UN coalition army led by the United States entered the war in July to support South Korea, and Chinese troops entered in October to help North Koreans push the US back. I argue that Chairman Mao Zedong was in a domain of loss both domestically and internationally when the U.N. Command crossed the 38 Parallel and... On the nineteenth of February Deng Xiaoping, the dominant figure of Chinese politics for 19 years, died and left behind him a booming China, and a nation with many unresolved questions. Chinese Nationalism or the Chinese Communist Party: Who is Really Guiding China's Foreign Policy? What many failed to understand, however, was that despite his communist alliance with the Soviet Union, Mao was eager to prove himself to the world as his own man. The company had crossed the cold but relatively shallow Chongchon River and held a perimeter on its west bank. The second and third events are the Inchon landing on September 15 and the U.S. troops’ crossing of 38th parallel on September 25. But the debate on whether to send troops across the border still continued in the Politburo. Total U.N. military deaths, including Americans, numbered around 170,000. In the book “15 Stars: Eisenhower, MacArthur, Marshall: Three Generals Who Saved the American Century,” historian Stanley Weintraub wrote that on Oct. 8, “(President Harry) Truman cabled MacArthur … warning of 'the possible intervention of Chinese Communist forces.' The paper examines how the Chinese leadership perceived the level of threat posed by the U.S. presence in the Korean peninsula, and argues that besides the threat on territorial integrity and sovereignty, Beijing was more worried about the constrains on future economic reconstruction and troop deployment posed by a U.S. presence in the border regions. Why this governor says to turn off cable news as critical race theory debate heats up. If Takahashi was going to die taking on what appeared to be the entire Chinese Army, he was glad it was next to Lee. Whiting, A. S. China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1968). “The U.S. initially didn’t want to get involved in any kind of invasion. Despite his success, MacArthur's advance caused serious consternation in Washington, as many believed that as the U.N. forces approached the border with China, the large Asian nation, with its seemingly endless reserves of manpower, would enter the fight. The first is that on June 27, the U.S. The population who had just experienced foreign and domestic conflict and had limited knowledge of the CCP’s internal and external policies would take the Korean crisis as a test of the CCP’s capability to govern the country.27 The CCP also realised that the Korean crisis was an opportunity to ‘mobilise the masses’ and to ‘inspire the comrades-in-arms’.28, To achieve such objectives, the Chinese leadership addressed both the ‘revolutionary enthusiasm’ and patriotism among the public. To this end, Mao had been moving Chinese forces away from the coast facing Taiwan and moving them into position near the Korean border. In fact, at the initial stage, China took a passive response to the situation in North Korea. It was attacked by the United States. The security treaty therefore greatly reduced the possibility of an American invasion. He was convinced that he knew "Asians" and saw no difference between Koreans, Chinese and Japanese. , Zhou, Bangning. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Why did China become involved in the Korean War? Although the purpose of this conference was to understand why America goes to war, it is more important in the case of the Korean War, Waldron argued, to understand why Korea and China entered the war. All rights reserved. So concerned with the possibility of Chinese intervention, Truman had ordered MacArthur not to approach the Yalu River, the border between North Korea and China. Christensen, T. J. Yao, X. Cong Yalujiang Dao Banmendian (From Yalu River to Panmunjom) (Beijing, People’s Press, 1985). In fact, some political analysts referred to it as a direct replacement of the Second World War. 94-115. Harry Truman ordered the 7th fleet to defend Taiwan Some people within China disagreed with this action as they wanted a more domestic emphasis One example would be that the CCP started a large campaign of demobilisation of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) five days before the outbreak of conflict, in which 1.4 million of the PLA were supposed to be demobilised.4 As a result, the border area near the Yalu River was left with only one army which was stationed there for crop production purposes.5. Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. On 25 June 1950 the North Korean army led by Kim Il Sung, launched an offensive against South Korea. Thirty-six thousand Americans died, along with upwards of a quarter million Chinese, and half a million or more Koreans… Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1069, Zhou, Bangning. On Nov. 24, MacArthur launched a major offensive, what was intended to finally defeat all North Korean forces and end the war. All Rights Reserved, This week in history: China enters the Korean War, A threat stalks the Manti Utah Temple’s Minerva Teichert murals. Instead, he encouraged the Chinese to send their armies to assist the North and promised, according to the alliance treaty mentioned above, to support China with military equipment and air force cover for Chinese troops in Korea and to defend Chinese borders.13 Beijing considered the Soviet support crucial to China’s intervention. In Korea, Takahashi served in the Ninth Regiment’s Love Company, made up of about 170 men, where he commanded a platoon. 2015. The Chinese counter-attack began shortly before midnight on Nov. 25. Interstate - Journal of International Affairs [Online], 2014/2015. By September, North Korea had control of almost all of Korea except for the area around the port city of Pusan. Love Company was completely destroyed. It suggests that there are some other vulnerable aspects which raised the awareness of Chinese leaders and compelled them to intervene. One year earlier the communists had succeeded in conquering China, forcing the legitimate Chinese government into exile on Taiwan. Did Mao believe that the U.N. troops would then invade his country in order to restore the legitimate government? Interstate - Journal of International Affairs 2014/2015.1 (2015). The Utah football program has made its transfer portal strategy quite clear, Letter: America should stop hoarding vaccines, Dixie State University name change process takes ‘ugly’ turn after Facebook threat, Eagle on his 16th hole helps Tony Finau make the cut at another major golf tournament. JournalQuest is a free program to help academic student publications increase online readership and distribution. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Why did China enter the Korean War? China Enters War. U.S. troops and their allies were told that they would be home before Christmas. About The Journal | Submissions Takahashi and a few survivors were taken prisoner by the Chinese but were able to escape and make it back to American lines. One example can be seen from an internal directive on official propaganda from the General Information Bureau, which stated that ‘we have to…start a widespread campaign of propaganda…to educate our people at home’.29 By stressing both the revolutionary characteristics (anti-imperialist) and the patriotic characteristics (defending sovereignty) of the Korean War, the CCP leadership believed that engaging in Korea could create a revolutionary momentum of the Chinese people and therefore strengthen the authority and reputation of the CCP.30, To summarise the above analysis, considerations of the domestic situation, specifically the need to counter anti-Communist forces and strengthen the CCP’s regime played an important role in Beijing’s decision to intervene. At the same time, the domestic situation, especially the economic one, was not favourable for an intervention. One explanation for these ‘other vulnerable aspects’ is that Beijing’s security concern is not only about the physical security threat posed by American forces moving towards the Chinese border, but also about the constrains on Chinese domestic development it might bring. The Koreans however felt the full impact of the war as a tenth of the population lost their lives or disappeared completely. Between 2 and 4 million people died, 70 percent of them civilians . The belief was that these soldiers were volunteers, no doubt countenanced by the Chinese government, but not acting for it. The above analysis shows that security concern did play a role in China’s decision to intervene in Korea. Representing the work of students from hundreds of institutions around the globe, Inquiries Journal's large database of academic articles is completely free. The “Red Scare” swept across the United States and ran rampant through the media. of the war to resist America and assist Korea by the Chinese People's Volunteers) (Beijing, 1988), 7. Why did the Korean war begin? The conflict had erupted earlier that summer when North Korea invaded South Korea. Today, a state of war still exists between North Korea and South Korea. Hu, S. Zhongguo Gongchandang de Qishi Nian (Seventy Years of the Chinese Communist Party) (Beijing, Zhonggong Dangshi Chubanshe (CCP History Press), 1991). This study analyzes the publications of Dr. Wu Lien-teh, health commissioner during the Manchurian plague epidemics, to demonstrate how poor cultural communication can adversely affect medical care and health policies. Learn more | Blog | Submit. In October 1950, Chinese troops under the name of the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army (CPV) crossed the Yalu River to assist North Korean armies, and engaged in the Korean War in an offensive manner after the U.S. troops crossed the 38th parallel. In the book, “The Rise and Fall of Communism,” historian Archie Brown wrote: “(Mao) saw that there would also be opportunities to be exploited. This article uses two decision-making theories – rational choice theory and prospect theory – to examine China’s resolution to intervene militarily in the Korean War. Tags: Question 9 . Taiwan Why did China become involved in the Korean War? The paper will propose that besides traditional security concern of territorial sovereignty, which is a standard explanation for the Chinese decision to intervene, there are also some other important reasons that should be considered. Communist China was not prepared for another war, particularly one involving the United States, Great Britain and other Western powers. Chinese intervention in Korea in October 1950 continued a period of hideous violence and death in China's history. The 19th century, a tumultuous period which saw a momentous change to a way of life, also saw the implementation of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, a decisive change in England’s relationship with its poor. Is it OK to joke about the ‘nonbinary’? The others fought on, and the Chinese made charge after charge, getting closer to their little knoll all the time, until they finally pushed the Americans off the hill. Then, in a crucial test of strength, Japan and Russia fought the war of 1904-05 to determine which should gain the strategic Korean penin-sula. 122-154. Furthermore, the constrains on economic reconstruction and countering anti-Communist activities would heavily constrain the CCP’s efforts to consolidate its regime and domestic authorities, which, serves as an important reason for Beijing’s decision to intervene. Implicitly behind this campaign of countering anti-Communist elements was the CCP’s need to consolidate its regime which was established less than a year ago. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhou Enlai Waijiao Wenxuan (Selected Diplomatic Works of Zhou Enlai) (Beijing, Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe (Central Document Press), 1990). MacArthur was forced to admit that the Chinese had indeed entered the war in earnest. China, North Korea, and the Origins of the Korean War. (2015). Hao, Y. Zhai, Z. 7. One example would be that the CCP started a large campaign of demobilisation of the People’s Liber… The Bush Administration and Torture: Who is Responsible for the Abuse at Abu Ghraib? MacArthur had always understood that if you “control intelligence, you control decision making.” He had built an intelligence community in his area of command that listened attentively to what he wanted and gave him intelligence that reinforced his already held views. Explaining China's Intervention in the Korean War in 1950. It was the natural result of gradually developed animosity between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and what it regarded as the foreign imperialist powers, especially the United States, and of the fear of a threat from the latter. It was the Korean War Armistice Agreement that ended this hot war. The man who powered NASA through the Apollo Era had no background in science or engineering. L. In November 1950, China and the United States went to war. Moreover, the views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of Inquiries Journal or Student Pulse, its owners, staff, contributors, or affiliates. (U.S. … This paper argues that three main factors drove the Chinese decision to engage in the Korean War: security concerns, the need to consolidate CCP’s regime and domestic control, and the ideologies possessed by the individual leaders. By the time hostilities ended in the summer of 1953, Stalin was dead, MacArthur had been relieved of command, and Truman was no longer in office. The Korean War began when communist North Korean forces invaded democratic South Korea on June 25, 1950. To spread Communism through the entire Korean peninsula. Although newly emerged evidence indicates that there was an exchange of views between Kim, Mao and Stalin on the North’s plan of military invasion,3 several signs indicate that China was still not prepared for an invasion. How China did, and did not, push Kim Il Sung towards war. Acheson agreed, saying it would be "sheer madness" for Beijing to enter the Korean war when they had numerous other problems. Chai, C. Zhao, Y. Banmendian Tanpan (The Panmunjom Negotiation) (Beijing, the People’s Liberation Army Press, 1989). 453-478. American General Douglas McArthur did not think the Chinese would defend the North Koreans, but on Oct. 16, 1950, 300,000 Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River between North Korea and China. Mao was the only person with the … Israel-Palestine conflict: Cease-fire holds, but is it really over? One central question immediately arises with regard to the Chinese intervention: Why did the newly established People’s Republic of China (PRC) decide to send its troops to engage in a war which did not take place on its own territory? More than 1 million more Korean civilians were killed in the conflict. In this brief overview of the historical background of China’s intervention, it seems that the reason behind the Chinese decision was the threat to the security of mainland China posed by the United States. To his inner circle, Mao stated his readiness to help the North Koreans during the summer, and by the fall, with his communist ally in retreat, he was preparing 300,000 soldiers for intervention.
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