In 1966, 43% of the labor force of 55,000 worked in agriculture, and 2,300 km2 were under cultivation. It has been argued that Israel had used the area of the West Bank as a ‘sacrifice zone’ where its waste can be dumped.." [d], Many waste treatment facilities in the West Bank were built for processing waste generated inside Israeli sovereign territory, according to B'Tselem, Israel's leading human rights organization for monitoring the West Bank. [216] The checkpoint system did not ease up after the Oslo Accords, but was strengthened after them, which has been interpreted as suggesting their function is to assert control over Palestinians, and as a sign of an unwillingness to yield ground in the West Bank. The total length of the land boundaries of the region are 404 kilometres (251 miles). On 31 August 2014, Israel announced it was appropriating 400 hectares of land in the West Bank to eventually house 1,000 Israel families. ", 'sacrifice zone is a geographic area that has become irrevocably impaired by environmental damage or economic neglect. “We urge the government of Israel to reverse its decision to advance the construction of 540 settlement units in the Har Homa E area of the occupied West Bank, and to cease its policy of settlement expansion across the Occupied Palestinian Territories,” the European countries said in a statement on Thursday. [29], The growth rate of the West Bank economy in the period of the Jordanian Occupation of the West Bank before Israeli occupation had ticked along at an annual rate of 6-8%. Jordan subsequently annexed the territory in 1950 and held it until 1967 when it was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. [59] The international community regards the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) as territories occupied by Israel. To download a map of West Bank settlements and outposts. [184] The West Bank Palestinians themselves have difficulties in accessing the territory for recreation. The military commander’s authority is also anchored in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949. In 1967 it appropriated the Palestine Archaeological Museum[e] and its library in East Jerusalem. adds other populated rural areas, many closer to the center of the West Bank. [25] Though its per-capita product was 10 times greater than that of the West Bank, the Israeli economy on the eve of occupation had experienced two years (1966-1967) of a sharp recession. [168] In the West Bank, only 13,000 out of 85,000 m³ of wastewater were treated in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in Hebron, Jenin, Ramallah, Tulkarem and Al-Bireh. In the same vein the Israeli Supreme Court stated in the 2004 Beit Sourik case that: The general point of departure of all parties – which is also our point of departure – is that Israel holds the area in belligerent occupation (occupatio bellica)......The authority of the military commander flows from the provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation. The Palestinian Paltel telecommunication companies provide communication services such as landline, cellular network and Internet in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. [142][143], As of the early-21st century, the economy of the Palestinian territories is chronically depressed, with unemployment rates constantly over 20% since 2000 (19% in the West Bank in first half of 2013). The neo-Latin name Cisjordan or Cis-Jordan (literally "on this side of the River Jordan") is the usual name for the territory in the Romance languages and Hungarian. Myths & Facts on the Settlements. The United States State Department also refers to the territories as occupied. It had $2 million in women’s clothes maker Honeys Holdings. ', "The one center of archaeological activity that might have provided a base for Palestinian archaeologists was the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem, which was under the control not of Jordan but of trustees made up of the directors of the several foreign schools of archaeology in the city. When the settlement zones, the illegal outposts, and the other areas off limits to Palestinian development were consolidated, they covered almost sixty per cent of the West Bank. The military authorities do not render public the details of these operations. In 1982, as a result of the Israeli–Egyptian peace treaty, the direct military rule was transformed into a semi-civil authority, operating directly under the Israeli Ministry of Defense, thus taking control of civil matters of Palestinians from the IDF to civil servants in the Ministry of Defense. [154] The PA did raise funds from Germany for 15 plants, but only managed to build one, at al-Bireh, within Area B, though even there Israel insisted the plant process waste from the settlement of Psagot, though refusing to pay fees for the treatment. The elevation span between the shoreline of the Dead Sea at −408 m to the highest point at Mount Nabi Yunis, at 1,030 m (3,379 ft) above sea level. 29, 2020. The cases were filed by Regavim.[122][123]. "UN chief says time running out for peace deal", "Westbank closure count and analysis, January 2006", "60 Minutes | Middle East | Time Running Out For A Two-State Solution? Bloomberg - Lars Erik Taraldsen • 2h. White House couples up with dating apps on vaccines, Biden offers to cut infrastructure plan bill by a quarter, Israel and Hamas claim victory as fragile ceasefire holds, Biden: US will aid Palestinians in Gaza after bombings, Hamas claims victory as Gaza celebrates ceasefire, Al Jazeera Centre for Public Liberties & Human Rights. [167] Cesspits were used by 39% of households, while access to the sewer network increased to 55% in 2011, up from 39% in 1999. In English, the name Cisjordan is occasionally used to designate the entire region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, particularly in the historical context of the British Mandate and earlier times. The “Consensus” Settlements. [209] The given aim was said to be to afford protection to settlers from Palestinian sniping, bombing, and drive-by shootings. The wall is designed to allow Palestinians to pass north–south through Israeli-held land and facilitate the building of additional Jewish settlements in the Jerusalem neighborhood. In addition, it can prevent anyone from using the crossing. Under customary international law, the Court observes, these were therefore occupied territories in which Israel had the status of occupying Power. [citation needed] 80% of Jordan's fruit-growing land and 40% of its vegetables lay in the West Bank, and, with the onset of the occupation, the area could no longer produce export earnings. Jordan's annexation was never formally recognized by the international community, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Iraq. [198][199][200] A 2011 EU report titled "Area C and Palestinian State Building" reported that before the Israeli occupation in 1967, between 200,000 and 320,000 Palestinians used to live in the Jordan Valley, 90% which is in Area C, but demolition of Palestinian homes and prevention of new buildings has seen the number drop to 56,000, 70% of which live in Area A, in Jericho. [70] In May 2011 US President Barack Obama officially stated US support for a future Palestinian state based on borders prior to the 1967 War, allowing for land swaps where they are mutually agreeable between the two sides. As of April 2006 the length of the barrier as approved by the Israeli government is 703 kilometers (437 mi) long. [173] As an illustrative example, a Human Rights Watch report contrasts the difference between a Palestinian-owned quarry company in Beit Fajar and that of a European one working on what Israeli considers its state land. Until 2007, the Palestinian mobile market was monopolized by Jawwal. Although the 1974 Arab League summit resolution at Rabat designated the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people", Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to the area until 1988,[30] when it severed all administrative and legal ties with the West Bank and eventually stripped West Bank Palestinians of Jordanian citizenship.[31]. In 1975, Birzeit College (located in the town of. The journalist Hamdi Faraj, jailed for endangering public order, had his 500-volume library confiscated, including copies of the Bible and Qur'an and, when he applied for their restitution, was told all the books had been accidentally burnt. The incident occurred in the occupied West Bank … In International law drawing on the Hague Conventions (Article 55), it is established that an occupying power may reap some value from the resources of the country occupied but not deplete its assets, and that the usufruct must benefit the people under occupation. Among those most commonly cited have been: The importance of demographic concerns to some significant figures in Israel's leadership was illustrated when Avraham Burg, a former Knesset Speaker and former chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel, wrote in The Guardian in September 2003, As of 2017, more than 620,000 Israelis live in over 200 settlements in the West Bank. Retrieved 21 December 2010. Israeli West Bank policies", "Israelis were warned on illegality of settlements in 1967 memo", "Israelis Were Warned on Illegality of Settlements in 1967 Memo", "UNSC Resolution 446 (1979) of 22 March 1979", Implementation of the Fourth Geneva Convention in the occupied Palestinian territories: history of a multilateral process (1997–2001), "Olmert curbs WBank building, expansion and planning", "Israel launches massive new West Bank settlement plans", "IDF Completes Evacuation of Bil'in 'Outpost, "Illegal Palestinian quarry near Beit Fajar to close", "Report: IDF fire injures 2 Palestinians", "HCJ 7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel", "B'Tselem – The Separation Barrier – Statistics", "Separation Barrier: 9 July 2006: Two Years after the ICJ's Decision on the Separation Barrier", "Israel's Separation Barrier:Challenges to the Rule of Law and Human Rights: Executive Summary Part I and II", "Israel Security Fence – Ministry of Defense", "Map of Palestine – Land of Israel, 1845", Sen. Clinton: I support W. Bank fence, PA must fight terrorism, "U.N. court rules West Bank barrier illegal", "Restricted Hopes: On The Breach Of West Bank Palestinians' Right To Travel By Israeli Authorities", Thirsting for Justice – Palestinian Access to Water Restricted, "Occupation, Inc.: How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel's Violations of Palestinian Rights", "Israel Turns West Bank into a 'Garbage Dump, "How Israel turned the West Bank into its garbage dump", wssinfo.org, Joint Monitoring Programme (see: Regional snapshots), Household Environmental Survey, 2011—Main Findings, "Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine", "Palestinians grow by a million in decade", The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza, "Demographic Debate Continues – How Many Palestinians Actually Live in the West Bank? [73][74] the United States was absent from vote and denounced the settlement activity in West Bank has gotten "so much worse" as to endanger the progress of the peaceful two-state solution. of Texas, Austin), Map of Israeli Settlements in the Gaza Strip Dec. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. The world’s biggest wealth fund, which owns about 1.5% of listed stocks globally, is managed according to a wide range of ethical guidelines and excludes some companies from its investment universe based on advice from the council. [44] Remittances from labourers earning a wage in Israel were the major factor in Palestinian economic growth during the 1969–73 boom years,[45] but the migration of workers from the territories had a negative impact on local industry by creating an internal labour scarcity in the West Bank and consequent pressure for higher wages there;[46] the contrast between the quality of their lives and Israelis' growing prosperity stoked resentment. [85], According to B'tselem, while the vast majority of the Palestinian population lives in areas A and B, the vacant land available for construction in dozens of villages and towns across the West Bank is situated on the margins of the communities and defined as area C.[86] Less than 1% of area C is designated for use by Palestinians, who are also unable to legally build in their own existing villages in area C due to Israeli authorities' restrictions,[87][88], An assessment by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in 2007 found that approximately 40% of the West Bank was taken up by Israeli infrastructure. [89], In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights published a report that found that Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an "almost systematic campaign" of human rights abuse by the Palestinian Authority and Hamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces of the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.[90]. Judy Maltz. For other uses, see, Israeli Military Governorate and Civil Administration. [166], About 90% of the Palestinians in the Territories had access to improved sanitation in 2008. The Palestinian residents have legal permanent residency status. Constant uncertainty and the inability to plan are the results for Palestinians of the Israeli military rules governing their movements. Amnesty International has criticized the way that the Israeli state is dealing with the regional water resources: Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) do not have access to adequate, safe water supplies...Discriminatory Israeli policies in the OPT are the root cause of the striking disparity in access to water between Palestinians and Israelis...The inequality is even more pronounced between Palestinian communities and unlawful Israeli settlements, established in the OPT in violation of international law. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced the annexation move after U.S. President Donald Trump effectively endorsed it in his proposed resolution of the Israel-Palestinian conflict. The George Washington international law review. [93] There are various possible reasons as to why the West Bank had not been annexed to Israel after its capture in 1967. [91][92] Rejecting the Jerusalem Law, the UN Security Council passed UN Security Council Resolution 478, declaring that the law was "null and void". [187] From 92 to 94 cents in every dollar of the tourist trade goes to Israel. She died on 27 September 2005, aged 68', internationally administered enclave of Jerusalem, Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian occupation, Jordan occupied the West Bank and annexed it in 1950, Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967, administrative divisions of the Oslo Accords, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, International law and Israeli settlements, 2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers, Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories, Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine, Demographics of the Palestinian territories, Palestinian freedom of movement § Restriction of movement in the West Bank, Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories, "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967", "Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review", "Jordan – History – The Making of Transjordan", General Armistice Agreement between the Hashemite Jordan Kingdom and Israel, United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States, 1950. The final draft dating from 1970 would have annexed about half of the West Bank. Ramallah, although relatively mid in population compared to other major cities as Hebron, Nablus and Jenin, serves as an economic and political center for the Palestinians. Subsequent events in these territories have done nothing to alter this situation. The San Remo Resolution adopted on 25 April 1920 incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917. [144], According to a 2013 World Bank report, Israeli restrictions hinder Palestinian economic development in Area C of the West Bank. The Settlements in International Law. [5][6][7][8] The International Court of Justice advisory ruling (2004) concluded that events that came after the 1967 occupation of the West Bank by Israel, including the Jerusalem Law, Israel's peace treaty with Jordan and the Oslo Accords, did not change the status of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) as occupied territory with Israel as the occupying power.[9][10]. After the signing of the Oslo Accords, the West Bank was divided into 11 governorates under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority. Since 1979, the United Nations Security Council,[53] the United Nations General Assembly,[32] the United States,[54] the EU,[55] the International Court of Justice,[56] and the International Committee of the Red Cross[33] refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as occupied Palestinian territory or the occupied territories. The Israeli settlements were, on the other hand, administered subsequently as Judea and Samaria Area directly by Israel. The settlers and their supporters cite the Jewish Bible, … [101][102][103][104] In particular, the European Union as a whole[105] considers the settlements to be illegal. [161][162][163] At least 15 waste treatment plants operate in the West Bank and most of the waste they process is brought over from within the Green line inside Israel proper. The West Bank, despite its smaller area, contained half of Jordan's agricultural land. The number of Internet users increased from 35,000 in 2000 to 356,000 in 2010.[230]. It is therefore not clear why persons like. [127] It is located mainly within the West Bank, partly along the 1949 Armistice line, or "Green Line" between the West Bank and Israel. "[149] Israel, it is argued, uses the West Bank as a "sacrifice" zone for placing 15 waste treatment plants, which are there under less stringent rules that those required in Israel because a different legal system has been organized regarding hazardous materials that can be noxious to local people and the environment. Israel at times insisted its approval was conditional on linking the grid to Israeli settlements, which neither the donors nor Palestinians accepted. I agree that this provision applies to the Israeli settlements in the West Bank and that their existence violates Article 49, paragraph 6. Cloud, Minnesota. [60], International law (Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention) prohibits "transfers of the population of an occupying power to occupied territories", incurring a responsibility on the part of Israel's government to not settle Israeli citizens in the West Bank. The Jordanians neglected to invest much in the area during their time governing the area, although there was some investment in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem. This annexation was considered illegal and was recognized only by Britain, Iraq and Pakistan. [158] The Israeli High Court rejected a petition that such quarrying was a violation by stating that after 4 decades Israeli law must adapt to "the realities on the ground". The International Court of Justice and the Supreme Court of Israel have ruled that the status of the West Bank is that of military occupation. [42] Expropriation of prime agricultural land in an economy where two thirds of the workforce had farmed is believed to account for the flight of labourers to work in Israel. [158], Israel had denied Palestinians permits to process minerals in that area of the West Bank. The last Jordanian elections in which West Bank residents would vote were those of April 1967, but their parliamentary representatives would continue in office until 1988, when West Bank seats were finally abolished. of Texas, Austin), Map of Israel 2008 (C.I.A./Univ. Another would provide service along the Jordanian border from Eilat to the Dead Sea, Jericho and Beit She'an and from there toward Haifa in the west and in also in a northeasterly direction. With the exception of East Jerusalem and the former Israeli-Jordanian no man's land, the West Bank was not annexed by Israel; it remained under Israeli military control until 1982. Some of the petitions (27) had been set for trials[124] and the majority received a verdict. [22] [197], In 2008, approximately 30% of Palestinians or 754,263 persons living in the West Bank were refugees or descendants of refugees from villages and towns located in what became Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, according to UNRWA statistics. Agriculture remained the primary activity of the territory. [citation needed] B'Tselem, Israel's leading independent human rights organization for monitoring human rights in the West Bank, has observed that "any transfer of waste to the West Bank is a breach of international law which Israel is dutybound to uphold" because according to international law "an occupied territory or its resources may not be used for the benefit of the occupying power’s own needs. Near Ramallah the new city of Rawabi is under construction. allocated the area to the British Mandate of Palestine (1920–47). The Israeli occupation has wrought a profound change in Palestinian identity, which clings to a sense of a "paradise lost" before the changes brought out by the 1967 conquest.[182][g]. The West Bank (excluding East Jerusalem) is also home to some 430,000 Israeli Jews who live in 132 settlements (and 124 smaller "outposts") built under Israel's occupation. It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that seems to be incorrect; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261–263. This rate of growth was indispensable if the post-war West Bank were to achieve economic self-reliance. [211], Though prohibited by law, confiscation of Palestinian identity cards at checkpoints is a daily occurrence. The companies were excluded based on advice from the Council on Ethics “due to unacceptable risk that the companies contribute to systematic violations of individuals’ rights in situations or war or conflict,” the fund said in a statement. [191] The Israeli Civil Administration put the number of Palestinians in the West Bank at 2,657,029 as of May 2012. [157], The landfill near Al-Jiftlik in the Jericho Governorate, built on absentee Palestinian property without planning or an environment impact analysis, is for the exclusive use of waste, 1,000 tons per day, produced by Israeli settlements and cities within Israel. [210] For TAU emeritus professor of geography Elisha Efrat, they ignored the historical topography, road systems and environmental characteristics of the West Bank, and simply formed an apartheid network of "octopus arms which hold a grip on Palestinian population centres". At the end of 2020, it held $1 million in stocks in Shapir Engineering and Industry and $12 million in Mivne. In the east, the West Bank includes the Judean Desert and the shoreline of the Dead Sea – both with dry and hot climate. In 2019, the Trump administration took the position Israeli settlements in the West Bank are not inconsistent with international law, a change from the prior U.S. position. [196] By 2014, 92,000 Palestinians worked in Israel legally or illegally, twice as many as in 2010. Despite Talk of Annexation, Fewer Immigrants to Israel Moving to West Bank Settlements . 26 branches of 8 Arab banks were present. Supporters of the barrier claim it is necessary for protecting Israeli civilians from Palestinian attacks, which increased significantly during the Al-Aqsa Intifada;[132][133] it has helped reduce incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005; over a 96% reduction in terror attacks in the six years ending in 2007,[134] though Israel's State Comptroller has acknowledged that most of the suicide bombers crossed into Israel through existing checkpoints. Doctors at al-Shifa hospital share emotional and practical struggles working to save lives during the Israeli attacks. There was a 20 percent decrease in the number of new 'olim' opting to live over the Green Line in Israeli settlements between 2015 and 2018. In parts of the West Bank, Israeli settlers use up to 20 times more water per capita than neighbouring Palestinian communities, who survive on barely 20 litres of water per capita a day– the minimum amount recommended by the WHO for emergency situations response. Some universities remained closed by military order for extended periods during years immediately preceding and following the first Palestinian Intifada, but have largely remained open since the signing of the Oslo Accords despite the advent of the Al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada) in 2000. [100], The international consensus is that all Israeli settlements on the West Bank beyond the Green Line are illegal under international law. Of those, 209,270 live in settlements in East Jerusalem and 413,400 live in other parts of the West Bank. [16][17][18] It was inaugurated on 11 December 2011 under the military order "175" entitled ‘An order concerning transition station’. The Palestinian territories contain several of the most significant sites for Muslims, Christians and Jews, and are endowed with a world-class heritage highly attractive to tourists and pilgrims. [2] Forests and woodland comprise just 1%, with no permanent crops.[2]. Most Palestinian households have a radio and TV, and satellite dishes for receiving international coverage are widespread. Facts About West Bank Settlements. About 130 government-approved settlements and 100 unofficial ones are home to It forbids the creation among them of "environmental sacrifice zones. Broadband internet service by Bezeq's ADSL and by the cable company is available as well. They are Jewish communities built in Gaza, the West Bank and parts of East Jerusalem — areas captured by Israel during the 1967 war with neighboring Egypt, Jordan and Syria. The Palestinian Authority believes that the West Bank ought to be a part of their sovereign nation, and that the presence of Israeli military control is a violation of their right to Palestinian Authority rule. [citation needed] The analogous Transjordan (literally "on the other side of the River Jordan") has historically been used to designate the region now roughly comprising the state of Jordan, which lies to the east of the Jordan River. As a result of secret negotiations begun in April 1993, Israel and the PLO reached agreement in September on a plan to gradually extend self-government to the Palestinians of the West Bank (and Gaza Strip) over a five-year period prior to a final settlement of the issue of Palestinian statehood. [209] Even before the Al Aqsa Intifada, UNFPA estimated that 20% of pregnant West Bank women were unable to access prenatal care because of the difficulties and delays caused by crossing checkpoints, and dozens were forced to deliver their children on the roadside. In 1967 the Palestinian economy had a gross domestic product of $1,349 per capita for a million people,[26] with the West Bank population at 585,500,[a] of whom 18% were refugees, and was growing annually by 2%. [159] In response to local opposition in Israel to waste treatment plants and the high cost of meeting stringent environment laws in that country. [153] After the Oslo Accords, the global community earmarked $250,000,000 for West Bank wastewater infrastructure. Though 164 nations refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "Occupied Palestinian Territory",[32][33] the state of Israel quotes the UN that only territories captured in war from "an established and recognized sovereign" are considered occupied territories.[34]. [44], Attempting to impose governmental authority, Israel established a licensing system according to which no industrial plant could be built without obtaining a prior Israeli permit. The future status of the West Bank, together with the Gaza Strip on the Mediterranean shore, has been the subject of negotiation between the Palestinians and Israelis, although the 2002 Road Map for Peace, proposed by the "Quartet" comprising the United States, Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations, envisions an independent Palestinian state in these territories living side by side with Israel (see also proposals for a Palestinian state).
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