In this incident, an adult male killed the calf of a female within the same pod, with the adult male's mother also joining in the assault. Diese Zähne können bis zu 4 cm lang sein. Eleven members (about half) of one resident pod disappeared in the following year. Orca-Männchen werden bis zu 9,8 Meter lang und 10 Tonnen schwer, Weibchen bringen es auf 8,5 Meter Länge und ein Gewicht von 7,5 Tonnen. 1999. ", "Causes and consequences of marine mammal population declines in southwest Alaska: a food-web perspective", BBC Nature – Killer whales make waves to hunt seals, "Whale uses fish as bait to catch seagulls then shares strategy with fellow orcas", "Videos show killer whales frantically hunting for dolphins off San Clemente", "The structure of the discrete call repertoire of killer whales, "Vocal behaviour of resident killer whale matrilines with newborn calves: The role of family signatures", "The relationship between the acoustic behaviour and surface activity of killer whales (, "The smallest killer whale has a large musical repertoire", "Big and brilliant: complex whale behavior tied to brain size", Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate, Scientist Has 'Snowball Fight' With a Killer Whale, "Cetaceans Have Complex Brains for Complex Cognition", "Orcas don't do well in captivity. | Top Orbea Angebote Bewertungen Infos Bilder » Top Auswahl, jetzt bestellen! Variations such as nicks, scratches, and tears on the dorsal fin and the pattern of white or grey in the saddle patch are unique. [169][170] The lifespans of wild females average 50 to 80 years. For other uses, see, Size compared to a 1.80-metre (5 ft 11 in) human, Differences of dorsal fins between males (front) and females (background), A killer whale leaps out of the water when swimming—a behaviour known as porpoising—in. Check Out our Selection & Order Now. GRÜNTEK - Gebogenes sägeblatt 7 zÄhne pro zoll und 3-Dimensionalen-Schliff je Zahn. [210] Unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been fatal. [8] So little was known at the time, it was nearly two months before the whale's keepers discovered what food (fish) it was willing to eat. In seinen Ober- und Unterkiefer verfügt er jeweils über 16 - 22 kräftige, leicht gebogene Zähne. This tool is part of the Windows 10 SDK. Critics claim captive life is stressful due to these factors and the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild killer whale behaviour, see above. The mean body temperature of the orca is 36 to 38 °C (97 to 100 °F). When food is scarce, killer whales metabolize blubber for energy, which increases pollutant concentrations in their blood. The killer whale or orca (Orcinus orca) is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family, of which it is the largest member. [75] They are considered "common" (0.20–0.40 individuals per 100 km2) in the eastern Pacific along the coasts of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, in the North Atlantic Ocean around Iceland and the Faroe Islands. 100 Jahren als gesichert betrachtet werden. Der Orca kann den Hai Rammen und dadurch beteuben, was ein vorteil ist, ausserdem kann er ihn mit seinem echolot orientierungslos machen (haie haben empfindliche Ohren). Spyhopping is a behaviour in which a whale holds its head above water to view its surroundings. Eventually, they separate the pair and surround the calf, drowning it by keeping it from surfacing, and may consume only its jaw and tongue. It is recognizable by its black body with a white underside and patches near each eye. [230] One well-known example was the killer whales of Eden, Australia, including the male known as Old Tom. Calves are born with a yellowish or orange tint, which fades to white. Bremsen vorne. Only one whale has been taken in North American waters since 1976. [52] A 2019 study of Type D orcas also found them to be distinct from other populations and possibly even a unique species. Verbreitung: Weltweit. Dorsal fins also exhibit sexual dimorphism, with those of males about 1.8 m (5.9 ft) high, more than twice the size of the female's, with the male's fin more like a tall, elongated isosceles triangle, whereas the female's is shorter and more curved. They then slap the ball with their tail flukes, stunning or killing up to 15 fish at a time, then eating them one by one. These figures exclude animals that died during capture. [82][229], Killer whales have helped humans hunting other whales. Sie bekommen 1 Baby pro Jahr. She became the first whale to be successfully reintegrated into a wild pod after human intervention, crystallizing decades of research into the vocal behaviour and social structure of the region's killer whales. [130] Killer whale cannibalism has also been reported based on analysis of stomach contents, but this is likely to be the result of scavenging remains dumped by whalers. [168] Orcas are among the few animals that undergo menopause and live for decades after they have finished breeding. [150] Individuals likely learn their dialect through contact with pod members. [17], They are sometimes referred to as "blackfish", a name also used for other whale species. [203] Small sacrifices such as tobacco or meat are strewn into the sea for them. Depletion of specific prey species in an area is, therefore, cause for concern for local populations, despite the high diversity of prey. [201][202][203][204] Killer whales are believed to assist their hunters in driving walrus. [63], Infanticide, once thought to occur only in captive killer whales, was observed in wild populations by researchers off British Columbia on December 2, 2016. [214][215], From July to October 2020 there were at least forty reliable reports of orcas attacking boats off the Atlantic coast of Portugal and Spain, unusual and unprecedented behaviour. [59] Calves at birth weigh about 180 kg (400 lb) and are about 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long. Die Wale haben Zähne und gehören als größtes Familienmitglied zur Familie der Delfine. [64] Males and females also have different patterns of black and white skin in their genital areas. Bei Männchen und weist sie außerdem eine leicht dreieckig gerundete Form auf. [94][3][33] Local estimates include roughly 25,000 in the Antarctic, 8,500 in the tropical Pacific, 2,250–2,700 off the cooler northeast Pacific and 500–1,500 off Norway. Der Orca oder Große Schwertwal zählt zu den Delfinen und ist der größter Vertreter dieser Familie. Groups even attack larger cetaceans such as minke whales, grey whales,[119][120] and, rarely, sperm whales or blue whales. Zähne 3-fach geschärft und impulsgehärtet. "[207], Of the very few confirmed attacks on humans by wild killer whales, none have been fatal. Examination of his teeth indicated he died around age 35,[179] but this method of age determination is now believed to be inaccurate for older animals. Microsoft provides a free tool to create Transforms, called Orca. Growth and reproduction of killer whales, N. W. Kasting, S. A. L. Adderly, T. Safford, K. G. Hewlett (1989). [186], In 2005, the United States government listed the southern resident community as an endangered population under the Endangered Species Act. In recent years, the extent of the public's interest in killer whales has manifested itself in several high-profile efforts surrounding individuals. [244], "Orca" redirects here. With the rapid Arctic sea ice decline in the Hudson Strait, their range now extends deep into the northwest Atlantic. [211] Between 1991 and 2010, the bull orca known as Tilikum was involved in the death of three people, and was featured in the critically acclaimed 2013 film Blackfish. Name: Schwertwal (auch Orca oder Killerwal) (Orcinus orca) Länge: 5,5-9,7 Meter. Marke: Tajima: Hersteller: Tajima: Höhe: 10 cm (3.94 Zoll) Länge: 26.5 cm (10.43 Zoll) Breite: ... GRÜNTEK Gartensäge ORCA 330 mm gebogen. Walruses and sea otters are less frequently taken. Beaching, usually fatal to cetaceans, is not an instinctive behaviour, and can require years of practice for the young. Leatherwood, Stephen and Larry J. Hobbs (1988). [225] Extensive hunting of killer whales, including an Antarctic catch of 916 in 1979–80 alone, prompted the International Whaling Commission to recommend a ban on commercial hunting of the species pending further research. Through photo-identification techniques, individuals were named and tracked over decades. Alaskan killer whales have not only learned how to steal fish from longlines, but have also overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys. Das Schwimmen mit den … Although there are examples of killer whales living longer, including several over 30 years old, and two captive orcas (Corky II and Lolita) are in their mid-40s. … [81] The modern status of the species along coastal mainland China and its vicinity is unknown. These six dead whales were studied, and CAT scans of two of the whale heads showed hemorrhaging around the brain and the ears, which is consistent with decompression sickness.[189]. A researcher described what happened next: It worked really well for a while. Wild males live around 29 years on average, with a maximum of about 60 years. Ersatzblatt für JPR265ST. Of three orca ecotypes in the Antarctic, one preys on minke whales, the second on seals and penguins, and the third on fish. Orcas - also Schwertwale - sind die größten Vertreter der Delfine, Orcas gehören zur Familie der Delfine. Gestation varies from 15 to 18 months. The killer whale or orca (Orcinus orca) is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family, of which it is the largest member. Orcas sind hungrig. [189] He was also able to study killer whales from "his home porch perched above Puget Sound, where the animals hunt and play in summer months". These bonds can extend well into adulthood. Olesiuk, Peter F.; Ellis, Graeme M. and Ford, John K. B. [189] In May 2003, Balcomb (along with other whale watchers near the Puget Sound coastline) noticed uncharacteristic behaviour displayed by the killer whales. Da die Tiere in Ausnahmefällen 80 Jahre alt werden können, leben manchmal bis zu vier Generationen zusammen. [149] As in resident clans, transient community members share an acoustic repertoire, although regional differences in vocalizations have been noted. [12] However, a more recent (2018) study places the orca as a sister taxon to the Lissodelphininae, a clade that includes Lagenorhynchus and Cephalorhynchus. [14] The genus name Orcinus means "of the kingdom of the dead",[15] or "belonging to Orcus". Risk-free ordering and returns! Transients are typically silent. A small group of orcas are believed to be responsible, with three juveniles which have been named black Gladis, white Gladis and grey Gladis, identified as present in most attacks. [104] Chum salmon are also eaten, but smaller sockeye and pink salmon are not a significant food item. Orca-Zähne in der Wildbahn Die Zähne von Schwertwalen sind anders beschaffen als menschliche Zähne – das betrifft nicht nur ihre Größe und Form. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada. Salmon account for 96% of northeast Pacific residents' diet, including 65% of large, fatty Chinook. Aber auch Orcas, die auf andere Fische spezialisiert sind, … [39][75][78] The northwest Atlantic population of at least 67 individuals ranges from Labrador and Newfoundland to New England with sightings to Cape Cod and Long Island. [156] When pods meet, dominant call types decrease and subset call types increase. [87][88] Killer whales also appear to regularly occur off the Galápagos Islands. Männliche Killerwale können To the surprise of those who saw him, Moby Doll was a docile, non-aggressive whale who made no attempts to attack humans. In einer Orca-Gruppe kümmern sich außerdem alle Tiere um den Nachwuchs, egal, ob sie direkt verwandt sind oder nicht. Bis jetzt hat sich der Bestand kaum davon erholt, Hammerhaie erkennt man an ihrer schnurgeraden Stirn. Roland Knauer. Die Zähne von Orcas nutzen sich durch ihre Konsistenz recht leicht ab. People who have interacted closely with killer whales offer numerous anecdotes demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems. Another conservation concern was made public in September 2008 when the Canadian government decided it was not necessary to enforce further protections (including the Species at Risk Act in place to protect endangered animals along with their habitats) for killer whales aside from the laws already in place. Mortality is extremely high during the first seven months of life, when 37–50% of all calves die. [139] One killer whale was also attacked by its companions after being shot. Bestand: Wir wissen nicht genügend über Schwertwale als Spezies um die Gefährdung ihres Bestandes genau einzuordnen. Andere Wale, wie der Narwal, haben hingegen nur einen langen Stoßzahn. Here's why", "Oldest Southern Resident killer whale considered dead", "Comparisons of life-history parameters between free-ranging and captive killer whale (, Life History and Population Dynamics of Northern Resident Killer Whales (, How Southern Resident Killer Whales are Identified, "First stranded Orca found in almost 20 years in the Wash", "Orcas of the Pacific Northwest Are Starving and Disappearing". [243] As of 2020, theatrical shows featuring orcas are still ongoing. [150], Like all cetaceans, killer whales depend heavily on underwater sound for orientation, feeding, and communication. + Spezielle Zahnung sorgt für kräftesparenden und dauerhaften Einsatz beim effizienten Sägen von frischem und trockenem Holz; The killer whale lineage probably branched off shortly thereafter. Wild Things Ocean Creatures climb-in Decken von Fin Fun Orca Whale. [47], Mammal-eating killer whales in different regions were long thought likely to be closely related, but genetic testing has refuted this hypothesis. Gesamtlänge: … [194], The Exxon Valdez oil spill adversely affected killer whales in Prince William Sound and Alaska's Kenai Fjords region. [237] Tilikum lived at SeaWorld from 1992 until his death in 2017. Der Orca hat als Schutz 12 cm lange Zähne. Dabei werden Bullen deutlich größer als Kühe. Shop now Orca. It is recognizable by its black body with a white underside and patches near each eye. [232] Researchers discovered that these vessels are in the line of sight for these whales for 98–99.5% of daylight hours. [58], Killer whales are the largest extant members of the dolphin family. Und. [158], Killer whales have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals[159] (after sperm whales, which have the largest brain of any animal). [3] In January 2020, the first killer whale in England and Wales since 2001 was found dead with a large fragment of plastic in its stomach.[183]. [198], The Maritime Archaic people of Newfoundland also had great respect for killer whales, as evidenced by stone carvings found in a 4,000-year-old burial at the Port au Choix Archaeological Site. [37] In addition, separate populations of "generalist" (fish- and mammal-eating) and "specialist" (mammal-eating) killer whales have been identified off northwestern Europe. ", "Death of Sea World trainer: Do 'killer whales' belong in theme parks?". [142], Day-to-day killer whale behaviour generally consists of foraging, travelling, resting and socializing. [50] More recently, complete mitochondrial sequencing indicates the two Antarctic groups that eat seals and fish should be recognized as distinct species, as should the North Pacific transients, leaving the others as subspecies pending additional data. [67][68] In 2010, the Far East Russia Orca Project (FEROP), co-founded and co-directed by Alexander M. Burdin and Erich Hoyt, filmed an adult male nicknamed Iceberg. Clan ranges overlap, mingling pods from different clans. Despite decades of research, where these animals go for the rest of the year remains unknown. Orcas, die in der Natur viele Haie fressen, wetzen die Zähne sogar bis zum Zahnfleischrand ab und gehen dann oftmals elendig zu Grunde. [187] In October 2008, the annual survey revealed seven were missing and presumed dead, reducing the count to 83. In the 1970s, research pioneered by Michael Bigg led to the discovery of the species' complex social structure, its use of vocal communication, and its extraordinarily stable mother–offspring bonds. In der Antarktis gibt es etwa Schwertwale, deren dunkle Hautpartien eher grau sind als schwarz. [3] Depletion of prey species, pollution, large-scale oil spills, and habitat disturbance caused by noise and conflicts with boats are the most significant worldwide threats. [155] Dialects are probably an important means of maintaining group identity and cohesiveness. [189] "Balcomb confirmed at the time that strange underwater pinging noises detected with underwater microphones were sonar. Orca Feinde Orca - tierchenwelt ... dass Weiße Haie mit ihrer durchschnittlichen Länge von vier Metern und ihrem Gewicht von bis zu 2.000 Kilogramm in ihrem Lebensraum keine natürlichen Feinde haben ; ... jagen in Gruppen. [7] For the Kwakwaka'wakw, the killer whale was regarded as the ruler of the undersea world, with sea lions for slaves and dolphins for warriors. All members of a resident pod use similar calls, known collectively as a dialect. Unlike residents, extended or permanent separation of transient offspring from natal matrilines is common, with juveniles and adults of both sexes participating. Each summer, the same individuals appear off the coasts of British Columbia and Washington. 7,6 … The attack ended when the calf's mother struck and injured the attacking male. [172][173][174] It is thought that orcas held in captivity tend to have shorter lives than those in the wild, although this is subject to scientific debate. [197], The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast feature killer whales throughout their art, history, spirituality and religion. Nicht umsonst heißt der Orca auch "Killerwal": Der schlaue, starke Jäger hat es sogar auf große Haie abgesehen. Der Schwertwal erreicht ein Gewicht von 2,8 t bis zu 9 t. Den Namen Schwertwal trägt er aufgrund der großen Finne, die bei männlichen Tieren bis zu 1,8 m hoch wird, bei Weibchen aber nicht größer als 1 m wird. Orca, der Haikillerwal Mit einer ausgefeilten Jagdmethode setzt der Große Schwertwal sogar sechs Meter langen Haie nach. The director of the International Marine Mammal Project for the Earth Island Institute, David Phillips, led the efforts to return Keiko to the Iceland waters. Clicks are believed to be used primarily for navigation and discriminating prey and other objects in the surrounding environment, but are also commonly heard during social interactions.[33]. However, killer whales are merely seasonal visitors to Arctic waters, and do not approach the pack ice in the summer. Foto: Collage. Männchen können bis zu 9,8 Metern lang und bis zu 9 Tonnen schwer werden. [147], Closely related matrilines form loose aggregations called pods, usually consisting of one to four matrilines. Some populations in the Norwegian and Greenland sea specialize in herring and follow that fish's autumnal migration to the Norwegian coast. Transient pods have been sighted from southern Alaska to central California. Preliminary research indicates offshore killer whales have group-specific dialects unlike those of residents and transients. Nachwuchs bei den Orcas Die Kühe bringen ihr erstes Kalb im Alter von elf Jahren zur Welt. [63], An individual killer whale can often be identified from its dorsal fin and saddle patch. [218], Bigg's techniques also revealed the Pacific Northwest population was in the low hundreds rather than the thousands that had been previously assumed. Die Meeressäuger leben in allen Ozeanen der Welt, wobei sich die Gruppen in Verhalten und Aussehen deutlich voneinander unterscheiden. Killer whales have a diverse diet, although individual populations often specialize in particular types of prey. Similarity in dialects likely reflects the degree of relatedness between pods, with variation growing over time. Clans within a community do not share vocal patterns. Only elephants and higher primates live in comparably complex social structures. [119] Pods of female sperm whales sometimes protect themselves by forming a protective circle around their calves with their flukes facing outwards, using them to repel the attackers. They have been sighted, though more infrequently, in the Mediterranean, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Banderas Bay on Mexico's west coast and the Caribbean. Damit gehören die Weißwalbabys zu den ganz Großen unter den Kleinen in der Welt der Tierkinder. Some feed exclusively on fish, while others hunt marine mammals such as … Some feed exclusively on fish, while others hunt marine mammals such as seals and other species of dolphin. (Ein normales gesundes Gewicht für einen Orca dieser Länge liegt laut Tierarzt zu diesem Zeitpunkt bei mindestens 660 kg!) Such behaviour matches that of many smaller dolphin species, such as the bottlenose dolphin. [8] The first written description of a killer whale was given by Pliny the Elder circa AD 70, who wrote, "Orcas (the appearance of which no image can express, other than an enormous mass of savage flesh with teeth) are the enemy of [other kinds of whale]... they charge and pierce them like warships ramming. [72][73] Like most marine mammals, orcas have a layer of insulating blubber ranging from 7.6 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in) thick[72] beneath the skin. [225] Today, no country carries out a substantial hunt, although Indonesia and Greenland permit small subsistence hunts (see Aboriginal whaling). According to these myths, they took on human form when submerged, and humans who drowned went to live with them. Off the Crozet Islands, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed.[128][136]. Live captures fell dramatically in the 1990s, and by 1999, about 40% of the 48 animals on display in the world were captive-born. Handsäge orca mit … Gewicht: 5.400 kg. [126] Rarely, large killer whale pods can overwhelm even adult female sperm whales. 2001. They have been documented 100 mi (160 km) up the Columbia River in the United States. [217], Between 1964 and 1976, 50 killer whales from the Pacific Northwest were captured for display in aquaria, and public interest in the animals grew. [206], In Western cultures, killer whales were historically feared as dangerous, savage predators. They are sometimes called the wolves of the sea, because they hunt in groups like wolf packs. Other than commercial hunts, killer whales were hunted along Japanese coasts out of public concern for potential conflicts with fisheries. These deaths can be attributed to declines in Chinook salmon. Exposure to exhaust gasses from large amounts of vessel traffic is causing concern for the overall health of the 75 remaining southern resident killer whales (SRKWs) left as of early 2019. Die maximale Länge von Killerwalen beträgt The three to five types of killer whales may be distinct enough to be considered different races,[19] subspecies, or possibly even species[20] (see Species problem). [232] With so many vessels, the air quality around these whales deteriorates and impacts their health. The spill damaged salmon and other prey populations, which in turn damaged local killer whales. Underwater noise from shipping, drilling, and other human activities is a significant concern in some key killer whale habitats, including Johnstone Strait and Haro Strait. Sie werden ihrer Flosse wegen stark bejagt, Schon bei der Geburt wiegen Belugas 50 Kilogramm. [14] As part of the family Delphinidae, the species is more closely related to other oceanic dolphins than to other whales. [182], In 2008, the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) changed its assessment of the killer whale's conservation status from conservation dependent to data deficient, recognizing that one or more killer whale types may actually be separate, endangered species. Killer whales have a diverse diet, although individual populations often specialize in particular types of prey. [67][68] In February 2008, a white killer whale was photographed 3.2 km (2.0 mi) off Kanaga Volcano in the Aleutian Islands. In response to this decision, six environmental groups sued the federal government, claiming killer whales were facing many threats on the British Columbia Coast and the federal government did nothing to protect them from these threats. Der Orca besiedelt auch tropische und subtropische Gewässer sowie Teile des Mittelmeers. Killer whales are apex predators, as no animal preys on them. Thirty-two cetacean species have been recorded as prey, from observing orca feeding activity, examining the stomach contents of dead orcas, and seeing scars on the bodies of surviving prey animals. Orcas, die in der Natur viele Haie fressen, wetzen die Zähne sogar bis zum Zahnfleischrand ab und gehen dann oftmals elendig zu Grunde Wir haben erfahren, warum Orcas ihren Mundraum zum … [63], Killer whale pectoral fins, analogous to forelimbs, are large and rounded, resembling paddles, with those of males significantly larger than those of females. Females are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) and weighing about 3 to 4 tonnes (3.0 to 3.9 long tons; 3.3 to 4.4 short tons). It is thought that the behaviour is playful, rather than aggressive or vengeful. Teilen. Comparison of the size of an average orca and an average great white shark. They have exceptionally sophisticated echolocation abilities, detecting the location and characteristics of prey and other objects in the water by emitting clicks and listening for echoes,[71] as do other members of the dolphin family. The IUCN reported in 2008, "The taxonomy of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that O. orca will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years. However, a small year-round population is known to exist in the Strait of Gibraltar, mostly on the Atlantic side. [185] On the west coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, seal and sea lion populations have also substantially declined. Resident dialects contain seven to 17 (mean = 11) distinctive call types. [132][133][134], In steeply banked beaches off Península Valdés, Argentina, and the Crozet Islands, killer whales feed on South American sea lions and southern elephant seals in shallow water, even beaching temporarily to grab prey before wriggling back to the sea. [76] Areas which serve as major study sites for the species include the coasts of Iceland, Norway, the Valdes Peninsula of Argentina, the Crozet Islands, New Zealand and parts of the west coast of North America, from California to Alaska. Age of reputedly old Killer Whale. Published directories contain identifying photographs and names for hundreds of North Pacific animals. [16]Ancient Romans originally used orca (pl. Ford J.K.B. [145] Due to orcas' complex social bonds, many marine experts have concerns about how humane it is to keep them in captivity. [94] On average, a killer whale eats 227 kilograms (500 lb) each day. [161] Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves, their tankmates, or humans, which critics say is a result of stress. [62] Its integument, unlike that of most other dolphin species, is characterized by a well-developed dermal layer with a dense network of fascicles of collagen fibres. In the mid-1960s and early 1970s, killer whales came to much greater public and scientific awareness, starting with the first live-capture and display of a killer whale known as Moby Doll, a resident harpooned off Saturna Island in 1964. [193] Killer whales are popular with whale watchers, which may stress the whales and alter their behaviour, particularly if boats approach too closely or block their lines of travel. Die Zähne sind dabei in der Mitte der Zahnreihe am größten. [116] The arrival of orcas in an area can cause white sharks to flee and forage elsewhere. [192] High-intensity sonar used by the Navy disturbs killer whales along with other marine mammals. The increased subset call types may be the distinguishing factor between pods and inter-pod relations. [175] However, in the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years on average, and up to 70–80 years in rare cases. [128] In the Aleutian Islands, a decline in sea otter populations in the 1990s was controversially attributed by some scientists to killer whale predation, although with no direct evidence.
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