Contact times and test durations of side-hop, lateral COD and diagonal COD tests were shorter for older players (p … The side hop test (SHT) is useful functional performance test for ankle sprain. However, performance of an injured leg to within 10% of the opposite (uninjured) leg suggests achievement of normal function. These tests were designed to particularly target endurance, especially for the 30 s version, where fatigue is known to negatively affect knee stability (Melnyk & Gollhofer, 2007). Test-retest results were excellent to fair for all angles and moments (ICCs 0.47–0.91, SW < 5° and ≤ 0.25 Nm/kg), except for peak trunk lateral bending angle and knee internal rotation moment. However, the comparable within-session reliability for ACLR and CTRL may argue that similar results may also be seen for test-retest reliability. Agreement was evaluated with the within-person SD (denoted SW) calculated by taking the square root of the average variances on group level, to provide clinically relevant values for expected errors in an individual (Bland & Altman, 1996). Participants had rigid clusters with four markers on thighs and three markers on shanks and wore a head band with one marker on the forehead and one marker on both the right and left side of the head (cf. All SW for ACLR and CTRL were ≤ 5.2° for angles and ≤ 0.34 Nm/kg for moments (cf. Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight, gender and test conditions. It involved both objective information collected by the provider and … For sample size, at least 22 participants per group were needed in test-retest analyses to achieve an ICC of 0.8 as previously shown for the same angles and moments (Alenezi et al., 2016; Marshall et al., 2014; Mok et al., 2018) that differ from an ICC of 0.5 with a type I error of 0.05 and type II error of 0.20 (Walter, Eliasziw, & Donner, 1998). How to Cite. The side-hop tests yielded differences in the leg symmetry index between players < 16 years and players > 16 years (p < 0.01). Moreover, instead of focusing solely on discrete variables for evaluation of biomechanics as in the present study, waveform analyses include more data over the time-period of interest. Only moments of hip adduction and knee internal rotation had lower ICCs (0.68 and 0.43 in 2nd Landing, respectively). This novel one-leg SRSH is a reliable test to evaluate trunk, hip and knee angles and moments in two eccentric landing phases for both ACL reconstructed persons and healthy-knee controls, with the exception of peak trunk lateral bending angle and knee internal rotation moment. Persons were not included in any of the groups if they were not in the ages of 17–34 or had any neurological or musculoskeletal condition that would affect their ability to execute the SRSH. These results, with a few exceptions, suggest promising potential of evaluating landing mechanics during the SRSH for ACLR and CTRL, and emphasise the importance of joint-specific movement control variables in standardised tasks. To minimise such effects, we used a standardised test protocol and the same person applied the markers for all participants. Large variation between different calculation methods have also been reported (Fransz et al., 2015), thus questioning the validity of such measures. Measure and mark out the test area. Current methods used to investigate reliability of curve data (e.g., the coefficient of multiple correlation) have been criticised (Roislien, Skare, Opheim, & Rennie, 2012), and more sophisticated methods are being discussed (Coffey et al., 2011; Roislien, Rennie, & Skaaret, 2012). The test consists of a pre-exhaustion exercise protocol combined with a single-leg hop. The goal is to have a less than 10% difference in hop distance between the inj… The Hölmich protocol in therapeutic exercise is the most appropriate method for the treatment of long-standing adductor-related groin pain (LSAGP). Three-dimensional (3D) analysis for increased understanding of movement control in relation to sports injury rehabilitation is increasingly used in research and clinics. Herein, we evaluated a modified Hölmich protocol to resolve the possible limitations intrinsic to the Hölmich protocol in terms of the rate of return to sport and the recovery period for athletes with LSAGP.Design. document.write("Page last modified: " + document.lastModified +""). 2015/67–31) and all participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki before partaking in the study. The feasibility of the test also need consideration in clinical testing or when planning for future data collection of the SRSH for detailed biomechanical analyses (due to the success rate being 50% for a few ACLR and CTRL persons). The task was performed by: (1) standing upright on one leg on a force plate before hopping laterally with respect to the standing leg over a distance normalised to 25% of body height marked by tape, and landing on another force plate for (2), a rebound back to the starting point (3), 2nd Landing, and ‘stick’ the landing. Twenty-two recreational athletes (11 women: age 22.3 ± 3.7 years, height 167.7 ± 6.2 cm, weight 59.2 ± 6.9 kg and 11 men: age 22.8 ± 3.1 years, height 179.8 ± 4 cm, weight 79.6 ± 10 kg) took part in the study. Similar movement patterns were shown in 2nd Landing, although with both the hip and knee more in adduction and with less flexion moments (see Figures 3 and 4). Cons of Hop Testing 1. We included both sexes for better extrapolation of our results to the ACLR population in general, even if more women participated and we were not able to address sex differences. Table 2). The lower reliability may be explained by inconsistencies in technique with variation in foot placement and/or postural control (especially due to restricted arms) that affects the ground reaction forces of the landing phase. Hop performance and leg muscle power in athletes: Reliability of a test battery, Comparison of drop jumps and sport-specific sidestep cutting: Implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury risk screening, ACL-reconstructed and ACL-deficient individuals show differentiated trunk, hip, and knee kinematics during vertical hops more than 20 years post-injury, Biomechanical factors associated with time to complete a change of direction cutting maneuver, Center of pressure velocity reflects body acceleration rather than body velocity during quiet standing, Submaximal fatigue of the hamstrings impairs specific reflex components and knee stability, Reliability of lower limb biomechanics in two sport-specific sidestep cutting tasks, Systematic review: Annual incidence of ACL injury and surgery in various populations, Biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint in female athletes during tasks associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury, Altered landing mechanics in ACL-reconstructed patients, Reliability of selected physical performance tests in young adult women, Landing stability in anterior cruciate ligament deficient versus healthy individuals: A motor control approach, Functional limits of agreement: A method for assessing agreement between measurements of gait curves, Evaluating the properties of the coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) for kinematic gait data, Motor control strategies during double leg squat following anterior cruciate ligament rupture and reconstruction: An observational study. The hop test was a question Gerber et al recommended for further research in functional testing for the ankle itself. Two By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Excellent within-session reliability were found for angles in both groups (most ICCs > 0.90, SW ≤ 5°), and excellent to good for moments (most ICCs > 0.80, SW ≤ 0.34 Nm/kg). However, the general lower reliability that we observed for moments compared to angles, especially for knee internal rotation moment, is congruent with earlier papers (Alenezi et al., 2016; Mok et al., 2018; Sankey et al., 2015). All had returned to physical activity after recommendation from physiotherapist. The CTRL group consisted of both athletes and active non-athletes to represent the diversity of persons who suffer an ACL injury. Never mind that when we are … If, however, using TTS, the velocity is recommended to detect differences in postural sway between groups (Masani, Vette, Abe, & Nakazawa, 2014). 2. Second, the side-to-side movement, that simulates sport specific situations and particularly challenges the lower limbs, especially for the rebound landing. Maintain the landing for a minimum of 2 seconds while the toe measurement is recorded. The time between each trial was approximately 5 s. Figure 2. • Timed hop: – (Mean Uninvolved / Mean Involved) x 100% = LSI • Per Noyes, abnormal LSI = < 85% • 20 non-injured subjects (5 male, 15 female) • Retested 48 hours later Reliability of Hops Testing in Normal Subjects ICC SEM (+/-) Single hop (cm) 0.96 4.56 Triple hop (cm) 0.95 15.44 Timed hop (seconds) 0.66 0.13 Cross-over hop (cm) 0.96 15.95 In relation to our results from test-retest analyses, the TTS seem to be a poor measure to reflect lower limb function and control. A stationary standing trial was recorded for anatomical modelling before removal of placement-sensitive markers (markers in dark grey in Figure 1). High relative (to mean values) SW were shown for both groups with values ≥ 37%. These injury rates call for implementation of valid and reliable tests that simulate challenging sport-like situations, to be used in screening and rehabilitation to ensure safer practise and return to sports, and that may further elucidate injury mechanisms. Home > Fitness Testing > Tests > Strength > 30 Second Endurance Jump. Sous la direction de M. Olivier VICQUELIN, directeur de mémoire. The present study did not address the test-retest reliability for ACLR persons. 1) If you're not using functional tests such as hop tests in the return to sport decision making process for ACLR patients, you need to start ASAP. Dnr K2014 and Dnr 2016-02763; Young Researcher Awardee under Grant No. … The individual must … Passive spherical markers were attached with double-coated adhesive tape on specific landmarks on the body to define 3D coordinates of the body segments. The two landings were each investigated for reliability and agreement, Rebound and 2nd Landing, both defined from initial contact (IC, vertical GRF > 20 N) to peak knee flexion, a particularly interesting period since the majority of ACL injuries occur in the eccentric phase of landings (Cochrane et al., 2007; Walden et al., 2015). No financial or personal relationship exists that may have influenced this manuscript, and there are no conflicts of interest that could have either influenced the study or preparation of the manuscript.