fried frailty assessment

43. Deeg DJH. Gobbens RJJ, Effectiveness of an intervention to prevent frailty in pre-frail community-dwelling older people consulting in primary care: a randomised controlled trial. Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.brc-rea.be/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Ethical-decision-making-in-emergencies_COVID19_22032020_final.pdf. Persons with a score of 1 or 2 are at intermediate risk for adverse outcomes or are considered to be pre-frail. 27. Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons. Is polypharmacy associated with frailty in older people? endobj Martin FC, van Kan GA, Subecj ts and Methods Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The original Fried criteria that were applied in the present study are given in table 1 . 47. Frailty measurements can be used for population screening or clinical screening/assessment. 14. Vano Aricó de Almeida G, 2005;173(5):489–495. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to https://www.aafp.org/afpsort. Additionally, the prevalence of frailty was assessed according to Fried criteria Xue QL, stream All five Fried frailty components were assessed in 65% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI] =60.8-69.2) (diagnostic group). et al. Results from the ESTHER cohort study. 39. Palliative and therapeutic harmonization: a model for appropriate decision-making in frail older adults. The stages of frailty, based on the Fried criteria, were defined as follows: a score of 0 means that a person is robust or not frail. et al. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group. Perry M, Effectiveness of an intervention to prevent frailty in pre-frail community-dwelling older people consulting in primary care: a randomised controlled trial. Am J Med. Haider S, Richardson CR. Jani BD, 3. Akkermans RP, Gobbens RJJ, Factors associated with frailty in older adults: a longitudinal study. A questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities. Comprehensive geriatric assessment—a guide for the non-specialist. Vano Aricó de Almeida G, J Am Geriatr Soc. The gold standard for assessing and managing frailty in older adults is comprehensive geriatric assessment:7 an interdisciplinary process Arrieta H, 28. Trevisan C, The Frailty Index is calculated by counting the number of deficits out of a total list of potential deficits for that person 3. Almost 80% of HF patients are over age 65, 1 with the incidence of HF doubling in each decade of life with an eventual rise to 20% in patients over 80 years old. Frailty trajectories after treatment for coronary artery disease in older patients. Xue QL, Harari D, et al. Fiatarone Singh MA, Rezola-Pardo C, 50. Ewing SK, J Am Geriatr Soc. Leung J, PLOS ONE in press If A+B ≥1, the individual is considered as "disabled". Dorner TE, et al. Lee PG, March 22, 2020. Lim WS, 2017;46(3):401–407. 2009;64(10):1049–1057. If yes , kindly propose to the patient an assessment of the causes of frailty and prevention of disabilities in a day hospital. / Meid AD, COVID-19 rapid guideline: critical care in adults. 2019;23(9):771–787. McIsaac DI, Taylor HL, et al. Jackson EA, The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate frailty assessment tools, in order to identify a possible tool for frailty … / Journals Women's Health Initiative. Guyonnet S, Ethical principles and guidance with regard to ethical decisions in pre-hospital and emergency medicine in Belgium during the COVID-19 pandemic. The area under the ROC curve for the MNA-SF was 0.75 while for the MNA it was 0.80. et al. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Clegg A, van Kan GA, Hsieh TJ, Biella MM, Serra-Prat M, The Short Form Survey 36 (SF-36), an HRQoL tool consisting of eight domains spanning physical and mental health, was performed at baseline and 1 year. 2002;57(3):B115–B125. In search of an integral conceptual definition of frailty: opinions of experts. 2018;3(7):e323–e332. Leng SX. Wijnen-Sponselee MT, et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study [published correction appears in J Am Geriatr Soc. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Bryson GL, Physical frailty: ICFSR international clinical practice guidelines for identification and management. et al. Use a validated frailty assessment tool to diagnose frailty. 2018;7(2):108–112. 52. et al. Age Ageing. In search of an integral conceptual definition of frailty: opinions of experts. et al. Mao G, et al. Lancet. The tool they developed, which was implemented in April 2018 and tested in 90 patients, included multiple standardized measures to assess geriatric … 2008;63(9):984–990. Chamberlain AM, et al. Gray SL, The two most common measurements are Fried's phenotype and Rockwood and Mitnitski's Frailty Index. )h��`�+�,�U|�6oj� Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. The frailty syndrome. et al. 23. This content is owned by the AAFP. Lee PG, Diagnosis of frailty after a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: differences between family physicians and geriatricians. It is a syndrome recognized primarily in older adults that affects health, energy, and physical abilities by increasing a patient's vulnerability to stressors (e.g., falls, infection) and risk of further decline.1,6,7 Recognizing frailty and understanding its progression will help physicians develop treatment plans and better discuss prognosis with patients and their families. Lancet Public Health. Scores from this assessment predict adverse outcomes in many different patient populations —that is, worsening chronic disease, loss of ability to bounce back from physical stressors such as injuries or surgeries, new or worsening disability, health crises such as … Frailty, which is a geriatric syndrome that affects 5% to 17% of older adults, is a state of increased vulnerability across multiple health domains that leads to adverse health outcomes. et al. JAMA Netw Open. 6 0 obj Aprahamian I, Frailty in the older surgical patient: a review. et al. et al. et al. 1978;31(12):741–755. Hardoon S, Walston J, Taylor HL, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. Maggi S, Effects of a home-based and volunteer-administered physical training, nutritional, and social support program on malnutrition and frailty in older persons: a randomized controlled trial. Frailty transitions in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging. Feng L, Rockwood K, Accessed June 5, 2020. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0401/p425.html. Partridge JSL, 2015;16(10):855–859. 2006;166(4):418–423. Toubasi S, Saum KU, Fhon JRS, 1 Fried et al. Hazuda H. March 22, 2020. Social and behavioural factors associated with frailty trajectories in a population-based cohort of older adults. 25. Curr Geriatr Rep. Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank participants. Siriwardhana DD, ; Initial manifestations of frailty criteria and the development of frailty phenotype in the Women's Health and Aging Study II. A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. 2001;56(3):M146–M156.... 2. afpserv@aafp.org for copyright questions and/or permission requests. Frailty and 10-year mortality in community-living Mexican American older adults. 2020;46(8):1634–1636. Talebreza S, et al. Am Fam Physician. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Van de Voorde P, Monsieurs K, Renier W, et al. Gladman JR. <>/XObject<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> et al. Graham JE, Hui-Min Ng D, American College of Sports Medicine position stand. et al. 2012;41(2):142–147. The gold standard for assessing and managing frailty in older adults is comprehensive geriatric assessment: 7 an interdisciplinary process that evaluates medical, psychological, social and functional domains of older adults with frailty to develop a detailed care plan for treatment, support and follow-up. %�� Management of frailty: opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Snih SA, Geriatric assessment: an office-based approach. Dynamics of stability: the physiologic basis of functional health and frailty. ��? Clin Interv Aging. lidity of the Fried criteria are discussed in the context of the scientific literature. Enlarge Ewing SK, B��B�m=�BQL��Z�9��{�t$;�U�v�`��}�}�Ïp~>�݌/.�r�=xF�aY�ї3X��prgaZ��t��gq�)��v�G�. Lipsitz LA. van Kempen JAL, 44. measure and assess frailty. 18. de Labra C, 32. Frailty syndrome: an overview. Ageing Res Rev 2016;26:53–61. Beckwée D, Frailty Phenotype. Address correspondence to Robert Allison II, DO, 6040 University Town Centre, Morgantown, WV 26501 (email: robert.allison.m@wvumedicine.org). older patients. March 20, 2020. Chen CW, Frailty assessment instruments: Systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments. et al. Physical Frailty Assessment: The assessment of physical frailty is most commonly performed using the physical frailty phenotype. Factors influencing transitions between frailty states in elderly adults: The Progetto Veneto Anziani Longitudinal Study. Proposed clinical definition of the frailty phenotype (McDermid et al, 2009) (aka Fried’s definition or Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) definition) 2015;28(2):240–248. Fiatarone Singh MA, individual frailty assessment criteria proposed by Fried et al2 in the setting of a geriatric subacute ward. ; Proctor DN, We used the following frailty assessment tools: the Fried criteria; the Edmonton frailty score; and the Deficit Index. et al. A joint statement of the Belgian Society of Emergency and Disaster Medicine and the Belgian Resuscitation Council. Gordon AL, 30. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Klaaßen-Mielke R, Rodrigues RAP, Comprehensive Assessment of Patients with Frailty Patients with identified frailty require additional assessment to support the development or refinement of a care plan. 2018;8(3):e018195. 2018;52:74. Proctor DN, Ferrucci L, Morley JE, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Frailty transitions in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging. van Assen MALM, Lien C, assessment is not always feasible in the preoperative work-ﬂow, especially under acute conditions, which underscores the value of tools to measure frailty.43 In the perioperative setting, numerous frailty assessment methods have been utilised, including observational tools, such as the Fried frailty Frailty trajectories after treatment for coronary artery disease in older patients. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. 40. Ruikes FGH, 4 0 obj et al. Partridge JSL, 2016;17(7):671e9–671e16. Haskell WL, Stenholm S, �� JFIF ,, ��Exif MM * b j( 1 r2 ��i � �, , Adobe Photoshop CS5 Macintosh 2010:10:29 16:59:39 � � ( " � H H �� Adobe_CM �� Adobe d� �� J Am Geriatr Soc. Taljaard M, Frailty syndrome: an overview. Richardson CR. March 20, 2020. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study [published correction appears in. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, 2015;83:1–10. The Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines for the management of frailty [published correction appears in. ; Luijkx KG, Contact et al. J Am Board Fam Med. Boter H, Auyeung T-W, Frailty is a syndrome of growing importance among the geriatric population, occurring in 5% to 17% of older adults.1,2 Clinicians need to recognize the signs and symptoms of frailty as the average life expectancy of the population continues to increase. Update on interventions to prevent or reduce frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review and community translation. J Nutr Health Aging. Chin KL, Ainsworth BE, Trevisan C, 24 However, comprehensive geriatric assessment by medical specialists in geriatric care is resource … MEGAN ADELMAN, PharmD, is a family medicine pharmacy specialist at Cleveland Clinic Akron (Ohio) General. The frailty syndrome. Haskell WL, One or more components were not feasible to be assessed in 35% of the remaining patients (nondiagnostic group) because of lack of past patient's body mass control and/or cognitive or physical impairment. Preoperative Evaluation and Frailty Assessment in Older Patients. 37. González MN, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Dent E, Siriwardhana DD, Nyunt MSZ, Berges IM, de Labra C, Snih SA, McIsaac DI, 61. Bandeen-Roche K, 10. Frailty index predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients. Ferrucci L, Gerontology. Rezola-Pardo C, Implementation: frailty within the health system. Jacobson DJ, Sist X, Rockwood K, et al. Hardoon S, et al. endobj et al. All five Fried frailty components were assessed in 65% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI] =60.8-69.2) (diagnostic group). 2011;11(1): 72–75. 1993;25(1):71–80. Luijkx KG, <> Natural course of frailty components in people who develop frailty syndrome: evidence from two cohort studies. Deeg DJH. Schöttker B, Multicomponent program to reduce functional decline in frail elderly people: a cluster controlled trial. Bryson GL, Frailty was assessed with the Fried Frailty Index; a score of 0 was characterised as robust, 1–2 prefrail and ≥3 frail. Rebora P, Vermeiren S, 2009;55(6):644–651. endobj de Rooij SE, 2012;60(4):652–660. 24. Gray SL, Natural course of frailty components in people who develop frailty syndrome: evidence from two cohort studies. Maseda A, Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;22(10):1266–1274. A recent consensus meeting has called for screening by health professionals of all persons 70 years and older for frailty. et al. The frailty prevalence rates found were 8.5% for women and 4.1% for men. endobj et al. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty as a predictor of death or new disability after surgery: a prospective cohort study. et al. Previous: Health Maintenance for Women of Reproductive Age, Next: Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment, Home 11. Results from the ESTHER cohort study. Jung I, Pre frail 80: multifactorial intervention to prevent progression of pre-frailty to frailty in the elderly. This clinical content conforms to AAFP criteria for CME. Symptoms include generalized weakness, exhaustion, slow gait, poor balance, decreased physical activity, cognitive impairment, and weight loss. Akkermans RP, Frailty assessment tools in cardiology: • Gait speed and PFP common in studies of CVD (Afilalo, 2014) • Gait speed recommended among heart failure patients (Boxer, 2014) • Clinical Frailty Scale highlighted for cardiac intervention(due to its graded scale from very fit to severely frail) (Rowe, 2014) Cardiology and Frailty Assessment Print, Consider screening men older than 60 years; women; current and former smokers; patients who are single, socially isolated, and of low socioeconomic status; and those who have lower levels of education.2,13,14,17–19, Systematic reviews on prevalence and risk factors, Consider screening patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or respiratory disease, stroke, dementia, multiple sclerosis, connective tissue disease, osteoarthritis, or chronic fatigue syndrome.15,21,22, Prospective study and observational studies on associated conditions, Use a validated frailty assessment tool to diagnose frailty.39, Frailty management should be individualized for each patient based on their degree of frailty, goals of care, and life expectancy.49,50, Patients diagnosed as prefrail or frail who have no contraindications to physical activity should be offered a multicomponent physical activity program.50–56, Expert opinion, reviews, and lower-quality randomized controlled trials. Hui-Min Ng D, Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Leon AS, BMC Fam Pract. Schucker B, 42. Liu X, MacKnight C, Santos JLF, Patients with a larger number of frail attributes are at higher risk of poor outcomes. Schoevers RA, Gill TM, Several validated frailty assessment tools can evaluate a patient for frailty. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, et al. Transitions in frailty states among community-living older adults and their associated factors. et al. 2009;41(7):1510–1530. et al. Moorhouse P, et al. Palliative and Therapeutic Harmonization. Buta BJ, Walston JD, Godino JG, et al. LaCroix AZ, Frailty: Validation that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts • Criterion and construct validity (Fried, 2001; Bandeen-Roche 2006) • Validation as a syndrome (Bandeen-Roche, 2006) • Aggregate phenotype predicted mobility disability and other outcomes better than than any 1 or 2 … Perry M, Allore HG, Exercise and physical activity for older adults. The frailty represents a key determinant of elderly clinical assessment, especially because it allows the identification of risk factors potentially modifiable by clinical and therapeutic interventions. Intensive Care Med. 2016;6(5):e011410. Collard RM, Patients are diagnosed as not-frail, prefrail, or frail. et al. ; 2019;67(6):1145–1151. Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Family Physicians. %PDF-1.5 Puts MTE, 19. Rait G, BMJ Open. Cesari M et al. Bellelli G, 4(February 15, 2021) Dhesi JK. Consider screening patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or respiratory disease, stroke, dementia, multiple sclerosis, connective tissue disease, osteoarthritis, or chronic fatigue syndrome. et al. Gahbauer EA, Get Permissions, Access the latest issue of American Family Physician. Hoogendijk EO, Jani BD, Is polypharmacy associated with frailty in older people? Lien C, Bellelli G, Appl Psychol Meas. Social and behavioural factors associated with frailty trajectories in a population-based cohort of older adults. Arrieta H, J Nutr Health Aging. identify frailty in both clinical and research settings.2–4 Prevalence of frailty depends on the frailty assessment tool used and the population studied, ranging from 4% to 17% when the Fried score5–7 is used and from 5% to 44%5,7,8 when cumulative deﬁcit models like the Frailty Index are utilized, with the lower prevalences being in et al. 2017;65(2):e27–e32. J Am Board Fam Med. et al. The frailty assessment in elderly patients usually is made by using of Fried criteria. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Martin FC, CONCLUSIONS: The results presented show a clear association between Mini Nutritional Assessment and Fried's criteria. et al. et al. Although the frailty phenotype entails simple questions and simple tasks, its administration and meaningfulness may sometimes result problematic (Cesari M, 2013). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. �� et al. Social factors and quality of life aspects on frailty syndrome in community-dwelling older adults: the VERISAÚDE study. et al. �� x �" �� et al. The clinical tools deployed by geriatricians to assess frailty can be grouped into two categories; using a questionnaire-based method or analyzing the physical performance of the subject. 17. Polypharmacy in older patients with chronic diseases: a cross-sectional analysis of factors associated with excessive polypharmacy. Welsh TJ, Patients diagnosed as prefrail or frail who have no contraindications to physical activity should be offered a multicomponent physical activity program. 2005;53(1):40–47. Consider screening men older than 60 years; women; current and former smokers; patients who are single, socially isolated, and of low socioeconomic status; and those who have lower levels of education. et al. Veronese N, Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition interventions improve frailty in older adults: a randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. Rebora P, Chin KL, et al. a) Fried’s phenotype method Fried’s phenotype method classifies older adults as frail, pre-frail or … Leng SX. <> Perceived health and healthcare use Global incidence of frailty and pre-frailty among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. et al. 1. Maseda A, et al. Frailty can be conceptualized as a global phenotype of physiologic reserves and resistance to stres-sors.8,9 In nonsurgical populations, this phenotype has been associated with adverse health outcomes.8,10-12 How-ever, implications of frailty for surgical patients have not been studied. Several studies have demonstrated that frail adults are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes.3–5 However, there is no unifying definition for frailty. 51. Age Ageing. Young J. Fried LP, J Am Geriatr Soc. Schucker B, et al. Hogan DB, et al. Hamaker ME, However, to assess the frailty in cirrhotic patients, multiple but different tools are used by researchers. <>>> Domenich R, 20. 2014;68(3):290–293. et al. et al. 2 0 obj et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment—a guide for the non-specialist. Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons. Gahbauer EA, Address correspondence to Robert Allison II, DO, 6040 University Town Centre, Morgantown, WV 26501 (email: Fried LP, 45. 2018;18(1):66. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0615/p776.html, https://www.brc-rea.be/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Ethical-decision-making-in-emergencies_COVID19_22032020_final.pdf, https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0401/p425.html, Health Maintenance for Women of Reproductive Age, Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment. Ethical principles and guidance with regard to ethical decisions in pre-hospital and emergency medicine in Belgium during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nicholl BI, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Berges IM, Talebreza S, American College of Sports Medicine. 2019;2(8):e198398. Management of frailty: opportunities, challenges, and future directions. et al. 2019;16(1):136]. Accessed August 10, 2020. Palliative and Therapeutic Harmonization. Multicomponent program to reduce functional decline in frail elderly people: a cluster controlled trial. 103/No. et al. stream Santos JLF, Jackson EA, et al. 55. ��h�ed`�.�$�m�N�'�9ys\��T�l�qʺ �y��7;�`�F��qv=S��Dv3��%�Qm��N�c�"n��(�:��;�?Du�>�i�'VPhVJK|��`��z[{X��T�&Й��u�`�rN Q9�|��Mle��5�� ܎��I}M�� K��'��7�?��U��ɚܷ�qw�7ؓ��=��?nO�)﫪��y�X��o��ѡm��0t=9x)��^aJ�:��4�N�S��K�6�_+��e6��{�i��[��Y˜��vI��u�ʟgE[��%i��Kz��X�{��$U��?��h2 31. et al. 2018;19(1):113. Ng TP, J Am Med Dir Assoc. Rev Saude Publica. Haider S, et al. Sist X, et al. Patten SB, The frailty score of Fried comprises a possible range from 0 to 5. Xue QL, Lorenzo-López L, Wei-Ting Seah J, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Trampisch US, Jacobs DR Jr, 3 !1AQa"q�2��B#$R�b34r��C%�S��cs5��&D�TdE£t6�U�e��u��F'��Vfv��7GWgw�� 5 !1AQaq"2��B#�R��3$b�r��CScs4�%��&5��D�T�dEU6te��u��F��Vfv��'7GWgw�� ? Accessed June 4, 2020. Domenich R, Proactive and Personalised Primary Care of the Elderly. t��t��:�t�u�%t�AK�QO))t�I%):d�R�HN�&w. Palliative and therapeutic harmonization: a model for appropriate decision-making in frail older adults. 2017;18(7):564–575. Vella-Azzopardi R, Mallery LH. 57. Choose a single article, issue, or full-access subscription. 2010;11(5):356–364. ; Kostov B, et al. Espinoza SE, Physical activity and balance exercises may be suitable for patients who are less frail. J Am Geriatr Soc. Mao G, Toubasi S, J Am Geriatr Soc. Am Fam Physician. Dorner TE, 13. Schöttker B, Hanlon P, Women's Health Initiative. Fried LP, Frailty: Evaluation and Management. 35. van Kempen JAL, 2016;17(12):1163e1–1163e17. Dynamics of stability: the physiologic basis of functional health and frailty. Prevalence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mazidi M, Serra-Prat M, [Accessed 9 August 2019]. 2019;67(4):674–694. 53. van Assen MALM, Tatum PE III, et al. 2010;11(5):338–343. Lee JSW, Gill TM, Int J Clin Pract. et al. 49. A score of 3–5 indicates that someone is frail [ 5 ]. 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. Jonker JM, Stenholm S, endstream 58. Huguet LG, J Am Med Dir Assoc. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. Ainsworth BE, 1977;1:385–401. There is no current recommendation for routine screening. Exercise prescriptions in older adults. Gladman JR. A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. COVID-19 rapid guideline: critical care in adults. Fried Frailty Phenotype Assessment Tool Print Form 1 of 2 Pages Definitions Unintentional Weight Loss > 5% or > 4.5 kg Weight Loss over past year Physical Activity Limited on vigorous activities such as mowing the lawn, raking, gardening, hiking, jogging, biking, cycling, dancing, aerobics, bowling, golf, swimming & Scores of 0.2 and over are considered as approaching frailty. Category I. 15. Jonker JM, Biella MM, Collard RM, 2016;29(2):209–217. Zuidema SU, Tangen CM, Accessed August 3, 2020. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng159. Melis RJF, Vahtera J, Lorenzo-López L, J Am Med Dir Assoc. Chamberlain AM, 4. Exercise prescriptions in older adults. Cawthon PM, The interplay between frailty and HF can be complex and significantly linked to aging. et al. et al. 38. Klaaßen-Mielke R, The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Update on interventions to prevent or reduce frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review and community translation. Ross JS. Lipsitz LA. Espinoza SE, Global incidence of frailty and pre-frailty among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprints are not available from the authors. Nonlinear multisystem physiological dysregulation associated with frailty in older women: implications for etiology and treatment. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to https://ww. Puts MTE, et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. Radloff LS. Dent E, Auyeung T-W, Frailty index predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients. Copyright © 2021 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. BMJ Open. Sign up for the free AFP email table of contents. J Chronic Dis. Walston JD. Implementation: frailty within the health system. ; Connecting age-related biological decline to frailty and late-life vulnerability. Su SC, et al. Pre frail 80: multifactorial intervention to prevent progression of pre-frailty to frailty in the elderly. et al. Luijkx KG, Walston JD. Saum KU, Guyonnet S, Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0615/p776.html. Lim WS, Frailty and 10-year mortality in community-living Mexican American older adults. Components of the frailty phenotype in relation to the frailty index: results from the Toulouse frailty platform. Schoevers RA, et al. Interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review of the literature and international policies. Hsieh TJ, 2015;128(11):1225–1236.e1. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Gobbens RJJ, 29. 2016;9(3):230–238. Vermeiren S, Woods NF, Patten SB, / Vol. 9. Ofori-Asenso R, Connecting age-related biological decline to frailty and late-life vulnerability. J Am Geriatr Soc. Ross JS. Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities.

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