[38] Although he had split from Theosophy when renouncing Leadbeater's claim that he was the World Teacher, Krishnamurti continued to exhibit Theosophical influences in his later teachings. In addition to the stated objectives, as early as 1889 Blavatsky publicly declared that the purpose of establishing the Society was to prepare humanity for the reception of a World Teacher: according to the Theosophical doctrine described above, a manifested aspect of an advanced spiritual entity (the Maitreya) that periodically appears on Earth in order to direct the evolution of humankind. It is the world's third-largest religion, with over 1.25 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. In 1909 he "discovered" Jiddu Krishnamurti, an adolescent Indian boy, who he proclaimed as the most suitable candidate for the "vehicle" of the World Teacher. Following Blavatsky's death in 1891, there was a schism in the Society, with Judge leading the Theosophical Society in America to split from the international organization. [23] He eventually left the Theosophical Society altogether, yet remained on friendly terms with individual members of the Society. Theosophical ideas have also exerted an influence on a wide range of other esoteric movements and philosophies, among them Anthroposophy, the Church Universal and Triumphant, and the New Age. [130] Various Theosophical writers and artists congregated there,[131] while horticultural development was also emphasized. It was through Spiritualism that Blavatsky and Olcott met. In 1919, the community helped establish a Theosophical University. [9] Various scholars have pointed to its eclectic nature; Joscelyn Godwin described it as a "universally eclectic religious movement",[10] while scholar J. Jeffrey Franklin characterized Theosophy as a "hybrid religion" for its syncretic combination of elements from various other sources. [15] More specifically, it is considered a form of occultism. [37] They are claimed to have achieved extra-long life spans,[37] and to have gained supernatural powers, including clairvoyance and the ability to instantly project their soul out of their body to any other location. [134] Meanwhile, Tingley's death in 1929 had resulted in the Theosophical Society in America being taken over by Gottfried de Purucker, who promoted rapprochement with other Theosophical groups in what came to be known as the Fraternisation movement. In 1902, Rudolf Steiner became General Secretary of the German-Austrian division of the Theosophical Society. Theosophy is a religion established in the United States during the late 19th century. [17] The historian of religion Wouter Hanegraaff noted that Theosophy helped to establish the "essential foundations for much of twentieth-century esotericism". The idea of the Masters—and a belief in Morya and Kuthumi—have also been adopted into the belief system of the Church Universal and Triumphant. A variety of prominent artists and writers have also been influenced by Theosophical teachings. [174], Religion established in the U. S. by Helena Blavatsky, This article is about the occult movement originating in the 19th century. [26] [124] They were also interested in studying Eastern religions, and these were included in the Society's agenda. Theosophy was also an influence over a number of early pioneers of abstract art. It also encompasses wider religious philosophies like Vedānta, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Qabbalah, and Sufism. [34] Blavatsky claimed that these Theosophical doctrines were not her own invention, but had been received from a brotherhood of secretive spiritual adepts whom she referred to as the "Masters" or "Mahatmas". [168] Theosophical ideas, including on the evolution of the Earth, influenced the teachings of British conspiracist David Icke. Judge's 1893 book Ocean of Theosophy and Robert Ellwood's 1986 book Theosophy. [64] [35], Central to Theosophical belief is the idea that a group of spiritual adepts known as the Masters not only exist but were responsible for the production of early Theosophical texts. Among those whom the early Theosophists claimed as Masters were Biblical figures like Abraham, Moses, Solomon, and Jesus, Asian religious figures like Gautama Buddha, Confucius, and Laozi, and modern individuals like Jakob Bohme, Alessandro Cagliostro, and Franz Mesmer. Lutyens pp. [47] [129] In 1897, Tingley had established a Theosophical community, Lomaland, at Point Loma in San Diego, California. "[17] Campbell stated that Theosophy attracted "unconventional, liberal-minded Westerners",[141] and according to Dixon they were among those "who constituted themselves as the humanitarian conscience of the middle classes, a dissident minority who worked in a variety of parallel organizations to critique the dominant bourgeois values and culture. It was founded primarily by the Russian immigrant Helena Blavatsky and draws its teachings predominantly from Blavatsky's writings. [61], The fifth Root Race to emerge was the Aryans, and was found across the world at the time she was writing. The American adventure fiction writer Talbot Mundy included Theosophical themes in many of his works. THEOSOPHY : The word is derived from the Greek theos (god, divinity) and sophia (wisdom). Theosophical groups nevertheless do not refer to their system as a "religion". [149] The Three Objects of the Theosophical Society are as follows :[8], Sympathy with the above objects was the sole condition of admission to the society. Although Theosophy draws upon Indian religious beliefs, the sociologist of religion Christopher Partridge observed that "Theosophy is fundamentally Western. [127] Tingley launched an international campaign to promote her Theosophical group, sending delegations to Europe, Egypt, and India. [82] [89] Various new religious communities were established in different parts of the country, among them the Free Religious Association, New Thought, Christian Science, and Spiritualism. Rabindranath Tagore FRAS (/ r ə ˈ b ɪ n d r ə n ɑː t t æ ˈ ɡ ɔːr / (); born Robindronath Thakur, 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941; sobriquet Gurudev, Kobiguru, Biswakobi) was an Indian polymath – poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter. She promoted the idea that ancient societies exhibited a unity of science and religion that humanity has since lost, with their achievements and knowledge being far in excess of what modern scholars believe about them. [101] The details of this trial were leaked to the journalist F. Edmund Garrett, who used them as the basis of his critical book, Isis Very Much Unveiled. [77] In Blavatsky's words, karma and reincarnation were "inextricably interwoven". [110] Besant was involved in various activist causes, promoting women's rights in India through the Women's Indian Association and helping to establish both the Central Hindu College and a Hindu girls' school. [52] Accordingly, Blavatsky taught that a life limited by the perception of this illusory world was ignorant and deluded. The independent Dublin organisation should not be confused with a similarly named group affiliated to Adyar which is based in Belfast but claims an all-Ireland jurisdiction. [8] Olav Hammer and Mikael Rothstein termed it "one of the modern world's most important religious traditions". [7] In his history of the Theosophical movement, Bruce F. Campbell noted that Theosophy promoted "a religious world-view" using "explicitly religious terms" and that its central tenets are not unequivocal fact, but rather rely on belief. [91] It was also influenced by a growing knowledge about Asian religions in the United States. [76] This belief therefore seeks to explain why misery and suffering exist in the world, attributing any misfortune that someone suffers as punishment for misdeeds that they perpetrated in a prior life. It also encompasses wider religious philosophies like Vedānta, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Qabbalah, and Sufism. Given the spread of such ideas in the West, some critics have perceived Theosophy's role as being largely obsolete. [59] The second Root Race, known as the Hyperboreans, were also formed from pure spirit, and lived on a land near to the North Pole, which then had a mild climate. [26] Alternately, the scholar of esotericism Wouter J. Hanegraaff distinguished the Blavatskian movement from its older namesake by terming it "modern Theosophy". [140], Theosophical groups consist largely of individuals as opposed to family groups. [25], Blavatsky's Theosophy is not the only movement to use the term "theosophy" and this has resulted in scholarly attempts to differentiate the different currents. [53] In that same book, she compared the progress of the human soul to a transition through three halls; the first was that of ignorance, which is the state of the soul before it understands the need to unite with its higher self. Theosophy preaches the existence of a single, divine Absolute. As presented by Blavatsky, Theosophy teaches that there is an ancient and secretive brotherhood of spiritual adepts known as the Masters, who—although found across the world—are centered in Tibet. [60] Blavatsky alleged that during the fourth Round of the Earth, higher beings descended to the planet, with the beginnings of human physical bodies developing, and the sexes separating. Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below. [5] The society's initial objective was the "study and elucidation of Occultism, the Cabala etc. [70] Two years later, she introduced the idea of reincarnation into Theosophical doctrine,[71] using it to replace her metempsychosis doctrine. [6] [72] In The Secret Doctrine, she stated that the spirit was immortal and would repeatedly incarnate into a new, mortal soul and body on Earth. To investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man. Blavatsky described her ideas in two books, Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine. [116] They then split from that to form their own Liberal Catholic Church, which was independent from the Theosophical Society (Adyar) while retaining an affiliation with it. [63] She further believed that humanity would eventually develop into the final, seventh Root Race. Etymologically, the term came from the Greek theos ("god(s)") and sophia ("wisdom"), thus meaning "god-wisdom", "divine wisdom", or "wisdom of God". [67] Blavatsky stated that spirits would not be reborn until some time after bodily death, and never during the lifetime of the deceased's relatives. Theosophy is a religion established in the United States during the late 19th century. Photo Gallery - Annie Besant. Most important books on Theosophy . [56], Theosophy teaches that human evolution is tied in with this planetary and wider cosmic evolution. [94], In 1980, Campbell noted that Theosophical books were selling at record levels.
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